第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第8讲

1. 老师，讲稿里提到牛顿和波义耳那一拨人与后来的普利斯特利他们隔了一个世纪，为什么用 'separated' 这个词？是指时间上的断层还是科学观念的彻底决裂呀？
2. 那些像 'phlogiston' (燃素) 或 'vitiated airs' 这样的词现在看起来都是错的，当时科学家为什么能一本正经地相信它们存在？是不是因为缺乏实验验证？
3. 'inorganic' (无机) 和 'organic' (有机) 化学的分界线到底是什么？讲稿里说跟 'vital force' (生命力) 有关，这俩词在词源上有什么区别？
4. 为什么玛丽·雪莱写的《弗兰肯斯坦》里提到的 'electrical manner' (电激活方式) 会和当时人们对 'life force' 的理解联系起来？这跟后来有机化学的发展有啥关系？
5. 拉瓦锡 (Lavoisier) 是个花钱买来的小贵族，这种背景对他后来推动化学进入现代有什么影响？为什么讲稿特别强调他是 'French' 人？

1. Teacher, the script says Newton and Boyle were 'separated' from Priestley and others by a century. Does 'separated' here refer to a temporal gap or a complete break in scientific paradigms?
2. Terms like 'phlogiston' and 'vitiated airs' are obviously wrong now, but why did scientists at the time sincerely believe they existed? Was it due to a lack of experimental verification?
3. What exactly was the dividing line between 'inorganic' and 'organic' chemistry? The script mentions it's related to 'vital force'; what's the etymological difference between these two terms?
4. How does the 'electrical manner' of activation mentioned in Mary Shelley's *Frankenstein* connect to the contemporary concept of 'life force'? What's the link to the later development of organic chemistry?
5. Lavoisier was a minor noble who bought his title. How did this background influence his role in pushing chemistry into the modern age? Why does the script specifically emphasize that he was French?

1 00:00:08,410 --> 00:00:15,360 Chapter 7 Elemental Matters Less on 39 This lesson 2 00:00:15,360 --> 00:00:18,920 contains many French words.If you do not speak French, 3 00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:21,280 you'll find these words difficult to pronounce. 4 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:22,520 Like myself, 5 00:00:22,820 --> 00:00:24,600 I don't speak any French at all. 6 00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:27,140 So although I tried my best, 7 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:30,560 my pronunciation of these words may still sound very 8 00:00:30,560 --> 00:00:31,060 awkward. 9 00:00:31,380 --> 00:00:35,440 But I don't think that really matters much because we 10 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:37,640 are learning English.Now here we go. 11 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:54,420 我们先看前面这半句到这儿 12 00:00:55,070 --> 00:01:01,030 尽管在这一个世纪里边化学有了长足的进步 had come a 13 00:01:01,030 --> 00:01:03,390 long way means had made great progress 14 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:08,980 然后再来看这个 that separated Newton and Boyle From 15 00:01:08,980 --> 00:01:12,380 Schiller and Priestley and Henry Cavendish 这是一个 16 00:01:12,380 --> 00:01:14,520 定语从句修饰 The Century 17 00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:20,680 这一个世纪分开了 Newton and Boyle 还有 Schiller and 18 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:24,680 Priestley and Henry Cavendish 为什么这么说呢 Newton 19 00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:28,630 和 Boyle 他们两个属于同一个时代的同一个世纪也就 20 00:01:28,630 --> 00:01:31,020 是 17 世纪而这个 Schiller, 21 00:01:31,220 --> 00:01:31,840 Priestley, 22 00:01:31,980 --> 00:01:37,380 Henry Cavendish 他们三个都是 18 世纪它们中间正好隔 23 00:01:37,380 --> 00:01:38,320 了一个 century 24 00:01:38,940 --> 00:01:43,820 所以说这个世纪 separated these two groups of people 25 00:01:43,820 --> 00:01:44,760 从 26 00:01:45,140 --> 00:01:49,160 Newton Boyle 到后来的 Sheila Priestley and Henry 27 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:53,900 Cavendish 它们中间相隔了一个世纪尽管在这一个世 28 00:01:53,900 --> 00:01:57,240 纪里边化学有了长足的进步但是呢, 29 00:01:57,260 --> 00:02:01,800 it still had a long way to go 它还有很长的一段路要走化 30 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:06,740 学在这个时候还有诸多的不足诸多的弊端 Right 31 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:11,100 up to the closing years of the 18th century and in 32 00:02:11,100 --> 00:02:14,460 Priestley's case a little beyondscientists 33 00:02:14,460 --> 00:02:19,300 everywhere searched for and sometimes believed that 34 00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:22,920 they had actually found things that just weren't there 35 00:02:22,920 --> 00:02:25,340 Vitiated airs 36 00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:32,930 Deforested marine acids Phoxies Calxies Tyracheal 37 00:02:32,930 --> 00:02:35,430 escalations And above all, 38 00:02:35,510 --> 00:02:36,210 phlogiston, 39 00:02:36,510 --> 00:02:40,210 the substance that was thought to be the active agent in 40 00:02:40,210 --> 00:02:40,610 combustion 41 00:02:41,910 --> 00:02:47,390 一直到 18 世纪末期这里括号的我们先不看 Scientists 42 00:02:47,390 --> 00:02:51,050 everywhere searched for and sometimes believed they 43 00:02:51,050 --> 00:02:52,610 had actually found 44 00:02:53,390 --> 00:02:58,490 世界各地的科学家都在积极地寻找有时候他们还相信 45 00:02:58,490 --> 00:03:03,290 自己已经寻找到了实际上是不存在的东西比如说 46 00:03:03,290 --> 00:03:10,770 vitiated airs 变质的气体 deflostigated marine acids 47 00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:15,740 这个词我们首先要看下面的这个 flotist in 48 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:21,460 燃塑当时的科学家不知道火焰是什么他们觉得火焰是 49 00:03:21,460 --> 00:03:27,500 一种物质是由火焰的威力构成的这种火焰的威力就叫 50 00:03:27,500 --> 00:03:32,220 燃塑那其实燃塑是不存在的那 51 00:03:32,410 --> 00:03:38,410 这个 defloxisticated marine acid 是指去除了燃素的 52 00:03:38,410 --> 00:03:44,230 他们认为很多物质当中存在燃素那去除了燃素的氦氧 53 00:03:44,230 --> 00:03:44,530 酸 54 00:03:45,090 --> 00:03:49,230 当然我们现在根本不知道他说的这是什么东西因为本 55 00:03:49,230 --> 00:03:50,150 身竟不存在 56 00:03:50,840 --> 00:03:56,380 那这个 floxist 我也无法查到这个东西到底是什么我 57 00:03:56,380 --> 00:04:00,840 参考了这本书的中文译本里边呢是把这个 fluxes 翻译 58 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:07,040 成浮露烤浮露烤它的英文是 flux 但是这个 fluxes 肯定 59 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:12,340 不是浮露烤因为浮露烤指的是这种花这个花叫浮露烤 60 00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:17,910 所以这并不是一种不存在的东西啊它存在而且它并不 61 00:04:17,910 --> 00:04:21,220 是一种化学物质还有 62 00:04:21,990 --> 00:04:27,770 calcis 可以查到是这个矿灰金属灰但具体是什么不太 63 00:04:27,770 --> 00:04:32,590 清楚我觉得大家也不必太多的关注它因为这些东西是 64 00:04:32,590 --> 00:04:37,950 不存在只是当时的科学家他们一直在找这些然后他们 65 00:04:37,950 --> 00:04:39,270 以为自己找到了 66 00:04:40,790 --> 00:04:44,530 再看下面这个 Tyrrhachios Exhalations 67 00:04:45,310 --> 00:04:49,610 这个东西虽然不存在但是这些词的构成确实有道理可 68 00:04:49,610 --> 00:04:54,470 循的我们可以分开来看这个 Tyrrhachios 是由 Terra 加 69 00:04:54,470 --> 00:04:59,950 上 Achios 这个 terra 我们才刚刚在上一节课学过指的 70 00:04:59,950 --> 00:05:06,070 是土地那这个 aqueous 是水所以 terraqueous 是指水路 71 00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:11,510 的水以及陆地的而这个 exhalation 这个又是怎么来的 72 00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:12,670 呢我们 73 00:05:12,700 --> 00:05:21,180 先看这两个词 inhale exhale inhale 表示吸气把气往里 74 00:05:21,180 --> 00:05:27,100 边吸而 exhale 相反就是把气呼出来我们可以看到这两 75 00:05:27,100 --> 00:05:33,040 个前座 in 表示向内而 ex 表示向外这就像我们说的 76 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:40,260 import input 都表示向内然后 export 是向外出口呢也 77 00:05:40,260 --> 00:05:45,760 叫 ex it 一个建筑物的出口 ex it 那我刚才说的 export 是 78 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:51,900 产品出口到国外那个 export 也是 ex 作为前座所以这个 79 00:05:51,900 --> 00:05:57,660 escalation 就是指呼出的气体水路呼出的气体这个是 80 00:05:57,660 --> 00:06:00,340 什么我们并不知道 And 81 00:06:00,500 --> 00:06:07,540 above all 尤其是他们非常热衷于寻找这个燃素 The 82 00:06:07,610 --> 00:06:11,230 substance that was thought to be the active agent in 83 00:06:11,230 --> 00:06:16,310 combustionagent means a force or substance that 84 00:06:16,310 --> 00:06:21,670 causes a change 在化学当中我们说是比如说 a chemical 85 00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:26,910 agent 一个化学试剂经常可以翻译成什么剂那这个他 86 00:06:26,910 --> 00:06:29,890 们就认为火焰是由燃塑构成的 87 00:06:30,450 --> 00:06:35,190 现在我们来看这个括号里边的部分为什么说 in 88 00:06:35,190 --> 00:06:37,470 Priestley's case a little beyond 89 00:06:38,310 --> 00:06:44,010 他说一直到了 18 世纪末科学家还在热衷于寻找这些东 90 00:06:44,010 --> 00:06:49,070 西而对于 Priestley 来说这个时间还得拖得更久一点 91 00:06:50,210 --> 00:06:55,390 那是因为 Priestley 他活到了 1804 年也就是到了 19 世 92 00:06:55,390 --> 00:07:02,110 纪而且他至死捍卫燃烧学说他一直坚持相信燃烧的存 93 00:07:02,110 --> 00:07:07,930 在虽然他发现了氧气但是他并不是非常清楚燃烧到底 94 00:07:07,930 --> 00:07:08,890 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）