第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第8讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说拉瓦西给氧气和氢气起了现代名字，为什么氢气叫 hydrogen 呀？这个词是怎么构成的？
2. 以前大家都以为东西生锈后重量会变轻，但拉瓦西为什么能发现它其实是变重了？这跟他的实验设备有啥关系？
3. 这里的 determine 是“下决心”的意思吗？我看它后面直接跟了 that 从句，感觉不太一样，到底该怎么理解？
4. 文中说物质被转换但总量不变，这就是质量守恒。为什么作者说这是一个“革命性的概念”？它到底革命在哪里？
5. 拉瓦西做出了这么大的科学贡献，为什么讲稿最后说他“站错了队”，还提到了法国大革命？这对他有什么影响？

1. Teacher, the script says Lavoisier gave modern names to oxygen and hydrogen. Why is hydrogen called 'hydrogen'? How is that word constructed?
2. Everyone used to think things lost weight when they rusted, but why was Lavoisier able to discover that they actually gained weight? How did his lab equipment help with that?
3. Does 'determine' here mean 'to make up one's mind'? I see it followed by a 'that' clause, which feels different. How should I really understand it in this context?
4. The text says matter transforms but the total amount stays the same, which is the conservation of mass. Why does the author call it a 'revolutionary concept'? What makes it so revolutionary?
5. Lavoisier made such huge scientific contributions, but why does the script say he 'got on the wrong side' of things and mentions the French Revolution? How did that affect him?

1 00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:14,440 他虽然自己没有发现一些元素可是他对别人发现的那 2 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:24,020 些元素有了更多的认识他放弃了这样的学说这个 3 00:00:24,020 --> 00:00:28,460 phlogiston 就是前面说过的燃塑他抛弃了这个燃塑学 4 00:00:28,460 --> 00:00:31,160 说还有前面说过的什么恶臭气 5 00:00:32,460 --> 00:00:36,760 什么腐败的空气之类的 He identified oxygen and 6 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:40,200 hydrogen for what they were and gave them both their 7 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:46,170 modern names 他确认了氧气和氢气 for what they were 觉 8 00:00:46,170 --> 00:00:50,360 得是发现了他们的真实的性质 and gave them both their 9 00:00:50,360 --> 00:00:54,660 modern names 这两个名字呢就是他起的我们 10 00:00:54,880 --> 00:01:00,160 可以看一下 hydrogen 这个词的构成 hydro 就是水这个 11 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:05,040 gen 的意思是产生比如说 to generate 像我们英文当中 12 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,660 这个 generate 这个词就是产生的意思那整个 hydrogen 13 00:01:08,660 --> 00:01:15,800 字面意思就是从水中产生的那当时他就是把水拿去电 14 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:18,800 解得到了氢气和氧气 15 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:30,180 这个 clarity 是 clear 清晰的那个 clear 的名词简单的 16 00:01:30,180 --> 00:01:37,280 说这位拉瓦西在化学走上规范严格条理分明跟讲究方 17 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:40,640 法的道路上他是做出了很多贡献的 18 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:09,560 他的那套豪华的实验设备后来的确是发挥了作用 19 00:02:19,340 --> 00:02:20,140 Exacting 20 00:02:20,260 --> 00:02:25,140 意思是精确的这在我们之前的课文中就学过了这一句 21 00:02:25,140 --> 00:02:27,080 就是以前学的课文中的原句 22 00:02:32,340 --> 00:02:36,280 by making very exacting measurements 这个是精确 23 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:41,390 requiring the finest measurements 要求要有十分精细 24 00:02:41,390 --> 00:02:43,430 的测量设备 they 25 00:02:43,590 --> 00:02:47,470 determined for instance that a rusting object doesn't 26 00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:51,630 lose weight as everyone had long assumed but gains 27 00:02:51,630 --> 00:02:55,630 weightan extraordinary discoveryan extraordinary 28 00:02:55,630 --> 00:03:00,970 discovery they determined 这个 determined 并不是下 29 00:03:00,970 --> 00:03:03,970 决心如果是下决心,它应该是这样的, 30 00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:06,510 是 be determined to do something, 31 00:03:06,810 --> 00:03:09,230 而不是这样的一个动词放在这儿, 32 00:03:09,290 --> 00:03:13,130 这个 determine here means to find out the facts about 33 00:03:13,130 --> 00:03:15,690 something,就是明确了, 34 00:03:15,730 --> 00:03:17,470 确定了,他们 35 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:22,580 正是利用自己非常精细的测量设备确定了这一点, 36 00:03:22,800 --> 00:03:24,140 确定了什么呢? 37 00:03:24,140 --> 00:03:25,880 比如说 a rusting object 38 00:03:26,500 --> 00:03:32,120 一个生锈的物体 doesn't lose weight as everyone had 39 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:37,300 long assumed 生锈的物体并不像长期以来人们所想当 40 00:03:37,300 --> 00:03:41,680 然地认为的那样是会失去重量其实呢它是 gains 41 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:46,300 weight 它会增加重量 an extraordinary discovery 这是 42 00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:51,180 一项非凡的这是一项不同寻常的发现 some 43 00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:56,920 how as it rusted The object was attracting elemental 44 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:59,600 particles from the air some 45 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:05,040 how means in some way 以某种方式以某种人们并不清楚 46 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:09,920 的方式或者说作者并不想去详细说明的一种方式 As it 47 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:14,600 rusted 当物体生锈的时候 The object was attracting 48 00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:18,220 elemental particles Elemental particles means 49 00:04:18,220 --> 00:04:23,240 fundamental particles 一些基本粒子微小的粒子这个 50 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:28,420 物体在生锈的时候会从空气中吸收一些基本的粒子 51 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:48,440 这是 52 00:04:49,840 --> 00:04:56,540 人类第一次理解到物质可以被转变成其他的形式被 53 00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:57,120 transformed 54 00:04:58,900 --> 00:05:01,920 但是不能被消灭如果你 55 00:05:02,690 --> 00:05:14,590 现在 56 00:05:14,910 --> 00:05:19,390 把这本书烧掉大家注意一下它的时态过 57 00:05:19,460 --> 00:05:25,470 去式为什么会用过去式呢这本书我们并没有烧过呀其 58 00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:25,960 实 59 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:31,380 这个是虚拟语气因为大家正常情况下是不会把自己正 60 00:05:31,380 --> 00:05:35,500 在读的这本书烧掉的所以这是一个虚拟语气假如你把 61 00:05:35,500 --> 00:05:36,620 这本书烧掉的话 62 00:05:37,100 --> 00:05:42,080 It's matter would be changed 虚拟语气的这个特点就是 63 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:47,360 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气这个条件句里面是一般过 64 00:05:47,360 --> 00:05:52,340 去时而主句里面呢是 would 就是过去将来时 65 00:05:53,670 --> 00:05:59,210 这本书的这个 matter 这个物质就会被转换成这 66 00:05:59,270 --> 00:06:05,750 本书里面的 matter 就是物质将会变成烟和灰 but the 67 00:06:05,750 --> 00:06:09,700 net amount of stuff in the universe would be the same 这 68 00:06:09,700 --> 00:06:15,100 个 net 并不是余网的网大家在一些食品的包装袋上可 69 00:06:15,100 --> 00:06:19,440 能会看到这个 net weight 以后注意一下 net weight 就表 70 00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:26,070 示净重这里的意思是整个宇宙中的物质的总量并没有 71 00:06:26,070 --> 00:06:30,290 发生变化 the amount of stuffstuff 其实指的就是 72 00:06:30,290 --> 00:06:35,130 matter 只是这 stuff 是比较口语的说法 this became 73 00:06:35,130 --> 00:06:40,030 known as the conservation of mass and it was a 74 00:06:40,030 --> 00:06:45,210 revolutionary conceptconservation of massmass 就是 75 00:06:45,210 --> 00:06:46,790 质量 conservation 76 00:06:47,010 --> 00:06:49,530 守恒不变也 77 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:53,500 就是我们说的质量守恒 and it was a revolutionary 78 00:06:53,500 --> 00:06:59,380 concept 这是一个革命性的概念也就是之前从来没有 79 00:06:59,380 --> 00:07:03,460 人发现这一点所以说这是一个 revolutionary concept 80 00:07:03,460 --> 00:07:05,000 Unf ortunately, 81 00:07:05,100 --> 00:07:08,380 it coincided with another type of revolution, 82 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:11,140 the French one And for this one, 83 00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:14,860 Lavoisier was entirely on the wrong side It 84 00:07:15,270 --> 00:07:19,690 coincided means to happen at the same time with 85 00:07:19,690 --> 00:07:25,490 something Co incide 可以看一下它的前缀这个 CO CO 就 86 00:07:25,490 --> 00:07:30,830 表示共同我们之前见过 Co author 就是共同撰写了一本 87 00:07:30,830 --> 00:07:34,850 书 Co author 还有合作 Co operation 88 00:07:35,790 --> 00:07:39,770 那这里 Co incide 就是同时发生 With 89 00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:41,200 another type of revolution 90 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:48,000 遗憾的是它跟另外一种形式的革命也就是法国大革命 91 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:53,700 正好碰上了正好时间上是同时发生就正好碰上了 92 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,180 遗憾的是他正好碰上了法国大革命而对于这个法国大 93 00:07:59,180 --> 00:08:04,300 革命呢 Levo isier 拉瓦西先生是完全站错了队 94 00:08:04,860 --> 00:08:05,300 Well, 95 00:08:05,460 --> 00:08:09,020 that's all for today In our next session we'll have to 96 00:08:09,020 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）