第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第6讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说 'culture' 的动词是 'cultivate'，但我平时只见过它表示‘文化’，为什么这里说它是‘耕种’的意思呀？
2. 我有点分不清 'agriculture' 和 'horticulture' 了，它们都有 'culture' 这个词根，具体区别在哪呢？
3. 林奈的双名法里，虎和狮的拉丁名前一部分一样，但猫的前一部分不一样，这能说明虎和猫的亲缘关系更远吗？
4. 为什么阿伏伽德罗在1811年就提出了重要发现，却要到1860年才被化学界广泛接受和使用呢？
5. 讲稿里提到 H2O2 在19世纪下半叶可能指水也可能指过氧化氢，这种‘乱码’现象对当时的科学研究有啥具体影响？

1. The transcript says the verb of 'culture' is 'cultivate', but I usually only know it as 'culture'. Why does it mean 'farming' here?
2. I'm a bit confused about the difference between 'agriculture' and 'horticulture'. Since they both share the root 'culture', what's the specific distinction?
3. In Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature, tigers and lions share the same genus name, but cats don't. Does this mean tigers and cats are more distantly related?
4. Why did it take so long for Avogadro's important discovery in 1811 to be widely accepted and used by the chemistry community until 1860?
5. The transcript mentions that H2O2 might mean water or hydrogen peroxide in the late 19th century. What specific impact did this lack of standardization have on scientific research at that time?

1 00:00:07,950 --> 00:00:13,020 As an organized science, 2 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:17,560 chemistry barely existed for decades.The 3 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:22,360 Chemical Society of London was not founded until 1841, 4 00:00:22,740 --> 00:00:26,140 and didn't begin to produce a regular journal until 5 00:00:26,140 --> 00:00:27,180 1848, 6 00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:30,880 by which time most learned societies in Britain, 7 00:00:31,100 --> 00:00:32,900 ge ological,geographical, 8 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:34,780 zoological, 9 00:00:34,820 --> 00:00:38,440 horticulture and linens for naturalists and 10 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:42,600 botanistswere at least 20 years old and often much more 11 00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:43,660 伦 12 00:00:44,500 --> 00:00:51,620 敦化学学会一直到 1841 年才成立而且要等到 1848 年才 13 00:00:51,620 --> 00:00:56,960 开始有规律地出版学术刊物 general 是学术刊物 By 14 00:00:56,960 --> 00:01:01,920 which time 到那个时候大部分的 learning societies 有 15 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:07,000 学术学会学术团体在英国的大部分学会比如说 16 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:09,780 Geological 地质学会 Ge ographical 17 00:01:10,140 --> 00:01:15,000 地理学会 Zoological 动物学会 Horticulture 18 00:01:15,220 --> 00:01:20,060 园艺学会还有林奈学会这个林奈学会是 For 19 00:01:20,060 --> 00:01:24,480 Naturalists and Modernists 主要是属于博物学家和植 20 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:28,910 物学家的组织 We're at least 20 years old and often much 21 00:01:28,910 --> 00:01:34,870 more 这些学会的历史都至少有 20 年甚至更长 Now 22 00:01:35,100 --> 00:01:37,260 let's look at this word Horty culture, 23 00:01:37,580 --> 00:01:40,160 you can see that it consists of two parts, 24 00:01:40,380 --> 00:01:42,940 horty and culture.Culture, 25 00:01:43,260 --> 00:01:45,020 we are rather familiar with this word, 26 00:01:45,140 --> 00:01:47,100 but we don't know this word quite well. 27 00:01:47,460 --> 00:01:50,340 The verb of culture is cultivate. 28 00:01:50,740 --> 00:01:53,280 在这个词当中,culture, 29 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:55,560 它的动词是 cultivate。 30 00:01:55,700 --> 00:01:59,400 To cultivate means to prepare and use land for growing 31 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,300 crops and plants,就是耕种。 32 00:02:02,300 --> 00:02:03,720 比如这个句子 33 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:20,860 那它的名词就是 culture 他们曾经把森林砍伐或者烧 34 00:02:20,860 --> 00:02:22,560 毁来种植水稻 35 00:02:27,580 --> 00:02:29,260 就是种植 36 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,140 所以这里可以看出来看来这个 culture 可不是文化的 37 00:02:34,140 --> 00:02:34,440 意思。 38 00:02:35,500 --> 00:02:39,880 Now agriculture,this word consists of two parts, 39 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:41,380 agri and culture. 40 00:02:41,700 --> 00:02:45,020 The first part comes from the Latin word agar, 41 00:02:45,060 --> 00:02:45,740 meaning field, 42 00:02:46,020 --> 00:02:49,100 and the second word culture comes from the Latin word, 43 00:02:49,220 --> 00:02:51,440 meaning the use of land for crops. 44 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:55,360 所以合起来呢,agriculture 就是农业。 45 00:02:55,640 --> 00:02:56,200 The 46 00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:59,420 practice or science of farming.In 47 00:02:59,770 --> 00:03:03,190 the same way,horticulture consists of two parts, 48 00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:04,990 hort us meaning garden, 49 00:03:05,250 --> 00:03:08,270 and cultura meaning use of land for crops. 50 00:03:08,530 --> 00:03:09,530 Therefore, 51 00:03:09,570 --> 00:03:14,470 horticulture means the practice and the science of 52 00:03:14,470 --> 00:03:15,990 growing flowers,fruit, 53 00:03:16,130 --> 00:03:19,090 and vegetables.中文就是原意。 54 00:03:19,190 --> 00:03:23,710 这是它的形容词形式,因为后面它还该有一个名词, 55 00:03:23,790 --> 00:03:25,550 就是 horticultural society。 56 00:03:26,690 --> 00:03:27,130 好 57 00:03:27,230 --> 00:03:30,570 现在我们再来看一眼这个 naturalist 以前是学过这个 58 00:03:30,570 --> 00:03:30,990 词了 59 00:03:31,030 --> 00:03:36,090 博物学家指的是那些精通自然历史尤其是动物学和植 60 00:03:36,090 --> 00:03:39,910 物学的人他们尤其喜欢在户外做 field study 61 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,420 好这个 L inane 62 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:48,680 这个是形容词它的名词来自这个名字 L inane 63 00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:52,220 这是瑞典的博物学家或者说是生物学家 64 00:03:52,780 --> 00:03:58,290 那它的名字实际上在瑞典语当中是读作 L in 那现在已 65 00:03:58,290 --> 00:04:01,180 经约定俗成就翻译作 L in Lai 了 66 00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:07,880 在 18 世纪以前呢博物学家有各自的体系给生物命名由 67 00:04:07,880 --> 00:04:12,420 于没有统一的标准时常会出现同一种生物有好几个名 68 00:04:12,420 --> 00:04:15,900 字或者好几个生物共同用一个名字的情况 69 00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:22,260 L in Lai 非常痛恨这种杂乱无章的状况他很不喜欢不成 70 00:04:22,260 --> 00:04:27,620 系统的事物他发现根据几个重要的特性完全可以把植 71 00:04:27,620 --> 00:04:31,640 物进行分类自然界的确是存在秩序的 72 00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:36,840 林奈的分类系统分为八个层次就是我们以前也说过的 73 00:04:36,840 --> 00:04:42,040 种属科木缸亚门门和界 74 00:04:42,770 --> 00:04:48,830 他后来推广了动植物双名法以拉丁文来为生物命名 75 00:04:50,280 --> 00:04:55,620 比如中文的柠檬和英文的 lemon 这两个都不是世界生 76 00:04:55,620 --> 00:05:00,120 物学家用来沟通的时候所使用的名称他们用的是拉丁 77 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:05,580 文有两个部分组成第一个部分是署名这个署名呢第一 78 00:05:05,580 --> 00:05:08,460 个字母大写写体后 79 00:05:08,620 --> 00:05:14,500 面这个是种加词第一个字母是小写也是写体那我们来 80 00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:19,680 看一下柠檬菊橙这三种非常相似的事物 81 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,680 它的拉丁文你可以看到这个部分 82 00:05:24,420 --> 00:05:29,900 鼠名这个部分是一样的说明它们是同鼠的但是种是不 83 00:05:29,900 --> 00:05:35,760 同的种加词不一样再看虎狮豹猫这 84 00:05:36,210 --> 00:05:40,490 四种我们觉得它们也有一定的相似之处就是它们都是 85 00:05:40,490 --> 00:05:44,670 猫科动物但是我们看到它的这个名字 86 00:05:45,210 --> 00:05:49,950 只有前三个有相似性 Panther a 而 87 00:05:50,170 --> 00:05:55,570 这个猫不一样是 Felix 这说明呢它们虽然都是猫科动 88 00:05:55,570 --> 00:06:01,970 物但是它们是不同属的那这三个是同属的虎狮豹都属 89 00:06:01,970 --> 00:06:03,130 于豹属 90 00:06:03,750 --> 00:06:10,540 猫科豹属而这个猫呢是猫科猫属所以你从这个名字可 91 00:06:10,540 --> 00:06:16,050 以看出来虎和狮之间的亲缘关系要比虎和猫的亲缘关 92 00:06:16,050 --> 00:06:20,810 系要更近林奈的双冥法简化了生物的命名系统然而生 93 00:06:20,810 --> 00:06:23,050 物学研究变得更加系统和高效 94 00:06:31,180 --> 00:06:36,260 前文说 95 00:06:36,550 --> 00:06:42,210 到伦敦化学学会到 1841 年才成立而作为它的竞争对手 96 00:06:42,210 --> 00:06:46,630 的化学研究院一直到 1877 年才成立 97 00:06:47,910 --> 00:06:51,230 这比美国化学学会的创立还要晚了一年 98 00:07:07,630 --> 00:07:08,070 由 99 00:07:08,360 --> 00:07:14,480 于化学这门学科花了好长时间才厘清它的条理才变得 100 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:19,440 organizedorganized 指的是条理清楚有组织有这门学 101 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:23,320 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）