第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第4讲
课程:《万物简史》慕课教程(WANWUJS001)主讲:余俊英副教授(数字人)词汇 30 条句型 4 条要点 4 条
一、本课要点
- 欧洲命名习俗:Von/Van/Da 等介词常表示“来自某地”,如戴高乐 Joseph de Gaulle。
- tarring and feathering:涂柏油粘羽毛。美国革命时期对效忠派的公开羞辱性惩罚。
- Voltaire's quote:伏尔泰名言:神圣罗马帝国既不神圣,也不罗马,更非帝国。
- 电解技术:戴维通过电解熔融物质分离元素,一人发现12种元素,占当时已知总数的1/5。
二、核心词汇(30)
| 词条 | 释义 / 讲解 |
|---|
| bearings | n. 方向感;处境。lost its bearings 指陷入混乱或迷失方向。 |
| improbable | adj. 不太可能的;反常的。此处指人物经历离奇、出人意料。 |
| grandeur | n. 宏伟;高贵。grand 的名词形式,指头衔的显赫。 |
| scruple | n. 顾虑;道德不安。指因道德原因而不愿做某事的心理障碍。 |
| side with | 支持,站在……一边。文中指科学家不明智地支持效忠派。 |
| patriot | 爱国者,爱国派。指支持反抗英国、追求独立的那部分殖民者。 |
| fateful | 决定命运的,关键的。fateful year 指具有重大历史后果的一年。 |
| lukewarm | 冷淡的,不热情的。文中指对自由事业缺乏热情,导致被捕风险。 |
| mob | 暴民,乌合之众。指愤怒且暴力的群体,此处指反效忠分子。 |
| decamp | 迅速撤离,秘密离开。文中指科学家迅速逃往英国。 |
| undertaking | n. 艰巨的任务/事业。语境:starting a new business can be a risky undertaking(创业是项有风险的事业)。 |
| solid science | adj. 扎实的/可靠的科学。solid指sound and reliable,强调研究的严谨性和实用性。 |
| authority | n. 权威/专家。此处指在某一领域有专长的人(expert),区别于指“当局”的复数authorities。 |
| elucidate | v. 阐明/解释。to explain something difficult by providing more information。 |
| fluid | n. 流体。指液体或气体(liquid or gas),具有流动性且无固定形状。 |
| circulation | n. 循环/流通。源自circle,指洋流(ocean currents)或空气/血液的循环运动。 |
| boule | v. 向...求婚。古旧用法,指try to persuade a woman to love you and marry you。 |
| productive | 多产的,富有成果的。形容戴维在化学研究上成果丰硕。 |
| bang out | 迅速完成,匆忙做出。此处形象地描述戴维快速发现多种元素。 |
| ingenious | 灵巧的,独创的。形容戴维发明的电解技术巧妙且富有创造性。 |
| abiding attachment | 持久的依恋/上瘾。指戴维对笑气产生的长期且强烈的依赖。 |
| buoyant | 轻松愉快的。此处形容吸食笑气后带来的轻快、愉悦的感觉。 |
| literally | 字面上地,毫不夸张地。强调“drew on”确指吸入动作,非比喻。 |
| draw on | 利用,使用(资源、积蓄等)。语境:draw on one's savings 动用积蓄。 |
| sober | 清醒的,不喝酒的。语境:sober types 指头脑清醒、未受药物影响的人。 |
| identical | 完全相同的。语境:identical numbers 指数量完全相等。 |
| intimate | 动词,暗示,透露。语境:intimate the nature of an atom 揭示原子的性质。 |
| splendidly | 极好地,华丽地。语境:修饰名字,指名字夸张、戏剧性且引人注目。 |
| appealingly | 迷人地,吸引人地。语境:appealingly simple 简单得令人喜爱。 |
| retiring | 不爱社交的,喜静。语境:retiring fellow 指喜欢独处、不喜交往的人。 |
三、句型与语法点(4)
| 要点 | 说明 |
|---|
| 虚拟语气倒装 | Had it not been for... 是 If it had not been for 的倒装,表示“要不是因为……”。 |
| pop into being | 短语:突然出现/成立。pop作副词表突然,比come into being更生动,形容学术团体如雨后春笋般涌现。 |
| not so much... as... | 与其说……不如说……。用于对比两个原因,强调后者(技术)而非前者(聪明)。 |
| that would prove... | 定语从句。prove 在此作系动词,意为“证明是”,后接形容词 significant。 |
四、课堂讨论题
1. 讲稿里把 Count von Rundford 形容为 'a splendidly improbable character',这里的 'improbable' 具体是指他人生经历离奇,还是指他这个人看起来不可信、很古怪呀?
2. 文中提到他 'uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a scruple',这个 'scruple' 到底是指道德上的愧疚感,还是指做事时的顾虑和犹豫?
3. 为什么讲稿里说他在美国独立战争时 'sided with the loyalist' 是非常 'unwise' 的?当时 'patriots' 和 'loyalists' 的核心分歧到底是什么?
4. 讲稿里详细解释了 'tarring and feathering' 这种惩罚方式,为什么暴民要用热沥青和羽毛来 'adorn'(装饰)他?这背后的羞辱意味体现在哪儿?
5. 既然他因为支持效忠派而不得不逃离美国,为什么后来他反而能在神圣罗马帝国获得 'Count von Rundford' 这样高大上的头衔?这算是因祸得福吗?
五、Discussion Questions (English)
1. The text describes Count von Rundford as 'a splendidly improbable character'; does 'improbable' here refer to his bizarre life experiences or his strange, unbelievable personality?
2. The passage mentions he was 'uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a scruple'; does 'scruple' specifically mean moral guilt or just hesitation and worry when making decisions?
3. Why was it 'unwise' for him to 'side with the loyalists' during the American Revolution? What was the core difference between the 'patriots' and the 'loyalists' at that time?
4. The text explains the punishment of 'tarring and feathering'; why did the mob use hot tar and feathers to 'adorn' him, and where exactly lies the humiliation in this act?
5. Since he had to flee the US for supporting the loyalists, why did he later receive the prestigious title of 'Count von Rundford' in the Holy Roman Empire? Was this a case of turning a misfortune into a blessing?
六、听力 / 讲稿全文
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之前,chemistry rather lost its bearings in the first
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decades of the 19th century.
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Things might have been worse had it not been for a
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splendidly improbable character named Count von
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Rundford,
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who,despite the grandeur of his title,
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began life in Woburn,Massachusetts,
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in 1753 as plain Benjamin Thompson
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had it not been
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这是虚拟语气是倒装句正常的顺序应该是 if it had not
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been for a splendidly improbable character 要不是有
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这么样一个人物的话
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情况也许会更糟是什么样的一个人物呢 a splendidly
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improbable character
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Improbable means unlikely,
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surprising and slightly strange 一个不同寻常的人物
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一个颇有些奇怪的一个人物他的名字叫 Count Von
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Rumford Count 是伯爵这个名字里边这个 V on 是什么意
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思我们等会儿再解释那这个人 Who despite the
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grandeur of his title began life in Woburn,
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Massachusettsgrandeur 要注意它的发音读作
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grandure 而不是 grandure 它是 grand 的名词形式是一
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个名词 It means magnificence or greatnessespecially
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personal greatness or magnificence 尽
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管它有着十分高大上的头衔 title 就是指它的这个贵
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族的头衔但实际上 began life in Woburn,
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Massachusetts in 1753
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也就是说他出生时其实只是美国马萨诸塞州的沃本这
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个地方的一个平民
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就是前面这个 grand 的形容词 grand 它的反义词
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Un controlled by anything so inconveniencing as a
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scruple.
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Dashing A
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man who is dashing wears nice clothes and is very
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attractive and confident,
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spirited and lively.Feature 是五官,
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figure 是身材,也就是要脸蛋有脸蛋,
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要身材有身材。
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Occasionally courageous and exceedingly bright,
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exceedingly means extremely,
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very bright,非常聪明。
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but uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a
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scruple inconveniencing 我们要从里边看到
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convenience 这个词方便那它的反义词 inconvenience
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可以做动词比如说 the snow inconvenienced the
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holiday travelers 下雪给旅游度假者带来不便
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inconvenience 就是给某人带来不便那么
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inconveniencing 也就是可以给人带来不便的东西
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那这是什么呢 a scruplescruple is an uneasy feeling
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that prevents you from doing something that you
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shouldn't 用中文来说就是顾虑
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这一句按字面意思解释就是它是 untroubled 也就是不
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受什么东西的困扰它不受任何有可能给它带来不便的
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种种顾虑的困扰所谓不受顾虑的困扰也就是他做事情
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是非常随便的毫无顾虑
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所以这位 Thompson 从小是精力充沛野心勃勃而且呢面
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貌英俊香洒 Occasionally courageous 有时候非常勇敢
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Exceedingly bright 非常聪明而这里要注意
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Occasionally 并没有修饰到 Exceedingly bright 他只
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是修饰 Courageous 就有时候他还是相当的勇敢还有就
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是他是非常聪明
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but untroubled 但是做事情非常大胆没有任何顾虑现
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在我们来说一下名字中的这个 v on 是什么意思是怎么
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回事这涉及到古代欧洲人的命名的习惯古代的欧洲人
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是只有名没有姓的所以同名的就很多
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为了区别呢他们就这样做名加上这一系列的小词然后
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加上封地或者出生地如果是贵族当然就是封地那就变
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成这个样子 Marguerite of Angel 比如安儒的玛格丽特
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这个安儒是地名
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还有 Mary of Teck 特克的玛丽
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这位安儒的玛格丽特是玫瑰战争时期英格兰国王亨利
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六世的王后是玫瑰战争中兰卡斯特家族就是兰卡斯特
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家族的领袖
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Mary of Tech 就是现在的英国女王的奶奶那这个 of 是英
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语当中使用的如果是欧洲的其他国家那这个词就不一
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样但是意思都是一样的有可能是 D.
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Van 或者 V aughn 等等
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那我们看一些比较著名的人物的名字比如戴高乐法国
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前总统戴高乐也就是二战时期的戴高乐将军 Joseph de
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Gaulle 其实它的名字里边所谓的戴高乐这个戴就来自
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这个 D 它的意思是来自这后面这个高乐其实是高卢高
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卢是地名之前我跟大家说过高卢是法国的前身所以它
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的意思是来自高卢的 Joseph 同样梵高
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还有比斯迈达芬奇等等我们都可以根据这个模式来判
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断他是来自 A gole 这个地方的 V incent Bismarck 也是一
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样来自 Bismarck 这个地方的 Ot to 而这个 Le onardo da
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Vinci 是来自 V inci 的一个名叫 Le onardo 的小伙子所以
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中间的小词虽然写起来不一样可是他们的意思是相同
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的还有一种情况
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西班牙的
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它跟前面这几种不一样因为前面这些小词它是放在名
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的后面表示来自什么地方就放在名字的后面放在这个
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地名的前面而这个 don 是直接加在名的前面表示尊称
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它不表示来自某个地方比如说唐吉科德一般这里应该
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有一个原点
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因为它们其实是分开的还有这个唐皇这是西班牙两部
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……(后略,完整文稿见视频页字幕)
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