第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第7讲

1. 讲稿里提到 Caspar Wistar 错过了发现猛犸象的机会，为什么他明明看到了骨头却没意识到它的重要性，而 George Cuvier 却做到了？
2. Richard Owen 虽然发明了“恐龙”这个词，但讲稿说他“偷窃”了 Mantell 的发现，这具体是指什么事？
3. 文中提到了 emigrate 和 immigrate，这两个词看起来很像，到底该怎么区分它们的用法方向？
4. 为什么 Mantell 的脊椎化石被放在博物馆展出反而被描述为一种“侮辱”（insult），最后被炸弹炸毁对他来说为什么是“仁慈”（mercifully）？
5. 奇异果（Kiwifruit）其实原产于中国，为什么新西兰人后来要把它改名叫 Kiwi fruit？这和当时的政治背景有什么关系？

1. The script says Caspar Wistar missed the chance to discover the mastodon. Why did he fail to realize the importance of the bones while George Cuvier succeeded?
2. Richard Owen coined the term 'dinosaur', but the script mentions he 'stole' Mantell's discoveries. What exactly did he do?
3. The text mentions 'emigrate' and 'immigrate'. They look similar, but how can I distinguish the direction of their usage?
4. Why was Mantell's spine fossil displayed in the museum considered an 'insult', and why was it 'mercifully' destroyed by a bomb?
5. Kiwifruit is originally from China. Why did New Zealanders change its name to Kiwifruit, and what was the political context behind it?

1 00:00:11,110 --> 00:00:15,030 Hello everyone,this is the last lesson of chapter 6, 2 00:00:15,250 --> 00:00:19,110 so we'll take some time to go over what we have covered in 3 00:00:19,110 --> 00:00:20,730 this chapter.首先, 4 00:00:22,150 --> 00:00:25,770 卡斯巴威斯特遇到一颗巨大的鸚鸣, 5 00:00:26,070 --> 00:00:28,050 却无法看到它的重要性。 6 00:00:28,330 --> 00:00:31,450 他只是同意它是一颗巨大的鸚鸣, 7 00:00:31,910 --> 00:00:37,030 但他没有看到它是从未曾被说明的动物, 8 00:00:37,010 --> 00:00:41,790 因此他失去了机会成为鸚鸣的发掘者。 9 00:00:42,610 --> 00:00:46,690 在那時候, 10 00:00:46,970 --> 00:00:51,330 有一個爭執在 Bouffont 和 Thomas Jefferson 之間。 11 00:00:51,370 --> 00:00:53,350 Bouffont,來自法國, 12 00:00:53,610 --> 00:00:59,990 認為新世界的動物在美國是弱小的。 13 00:01:00,150 --> 00:01:03,530 Thomas Jefferson,是一名美國人, 14 00:01:03,910 --> 00:01:13,330 很生氣,所以他尝试尝试找一些大猪的骨头给 Buff on 15 00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:18,630 展示,证明美国的猪也能够大又强壮。 16 00:01:19,110 --> 00:01:25,450 所以这大骨头被 C aspar Wister, 17 00:01:25,630 --> 00:01:28,490 也就是美国人的人,忽 18 00:01:29,960 --> 00:01:36,540 略了。 19 00:01:37,500 --> 00:01:39,680 George Scoville 20 00:01:39,860 --> 00:01:46,160 发现没有人在美国想要写一个专业的描述这个巨大的 21 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:46,720 怪物。 22 00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:50,460 他写了一个专业的文章, 23 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:54,960 称之为 Mastod on 如齿象。 24 00:01:55,630 --> 00:01:58,750 因此,他成为了它的正式发掘者。 25 00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:02,320 然后他也推广了逃亡的理论。 26 00:02:17,740 --> 00:02:19,160 他发现了地层。 27 00:02:34,460 --> 00:02:37,540 The first dinosaur ever discovered and named. 28 00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:42,490 But sadly he was not able to publish his paperbecause 29 00:02:42,490 --> 00:02:47,090 William Buckland also discovered a dinosaur and his 30 00:02:47,090 --> 00:02:48,090 paper was published. 31 00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:52,950 Richard Owen,also a British paleontologist. 32 00:02:54,190 --> 00:02:58,890 Then a huge iguanod on model was built in Palace Park and 33 00:02:58,890 --> 00:03:01,850 a famous dinner was held inside the iguanodon. 34 00:03:02,330 --> 00:03:04,870 But Mantell was not invited. 35 00:03:05,550 --> 00:03:08,910 The person at the head of the table was Richard Owen. 36 00:03:09,430 --> 00:03:14,490 Richard Owen coined the term Dinosauria in 1841. 37 00:03:14,630 --> 00:03:17,750 That is how the term dinosaur came about. 38 00:03:20,100 --> 00:03:23,100 Then Mantell was badly hurt in an accident. 39 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:27,020 After that,Owen stole many of Mantell's discoveries. 40 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:30,600 Owen was later removed from the councils of the 41 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:35,740 Zoological and Royal Societies.但欧文做了一个我们 42 00:03:35,740 --> 00:03:38,100 都需要感到感激的事情。 43 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:41,260 他建立了在邻居中的自然史博物馆, 44 00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:43,580 并将其让公众接触到。 45 00:03:44,460 --> 00:03:47,800 他让公众来到博物馆。 46 00:03:48,940 --> 00:03:51,320 然后,有两位美国地医生, 47 00:03:51,660 --> 00:03:52,920 Marsh 和 Cope。 48 00:03:53,060 --> 00:03:57,620 他们在比较的比赛中,but between them they increased 49 00:03:57,620 --> 00:04:01,520 the number of known dinosaur species in Americafrom 9 50 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:07,500 to almost 150later Cope died in poverty as 51 00:04:08,810 --> 00:04:14,150 for the other players in this drama Owen died in 1892 a 52 00:04:14,150 --> 00:04:19,250 few years before Cope or Marshdrama 是戏剧的意思这些 53 00:04:19,250 --> 00:04:23,990 古生物学家们你真我都仿佛饰演了一场大戏那这场大 54 00:04:23,990 --> 00:04:27,470 戏中的其他人结局又是怎么样的呢? 55 00:04:55,270 --> 00:04:57,930 or train that has been damaged very badly, 56 00:04:58,090 --> 00:04:59,770 especially in a crash. 57 00:05:00,110 --> 00:05:02,730 We have seen this word in our lessons before. 58 00:05:02,950 --> 00:05:05,610 I remember showing you a picture of a shipwreck. 59 00:05:05,850 --> 00:05:09,410 Now,Buckland had become a wreck. 60 00:05:09,610 --> 00:05:13,950 It means he was badly ill.In a lunatic asylum, 61 00:05:14,330 --> 00:05:15,070 lunatic, 62 00:05:15,390 --> 00:05:19,270 we learned this word in lesson one.Lunatic means mad, 63 00:05:19,930 --> 00:05:21,110 疯子的,疯人的。 64 00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:21,950 An 65 00:05:22,270 --> 00:05:25,890 asylum is an institution for the care of people with 66 00:05:25,890 --> 00:05:30,530 mental problems So a lunatic asylum is a mental 67 00:05:30,530 --> 00:05:35,690 hospital 就是疯人院 Bugland 最后疯了在 68 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:42,320 一所疯人院里面度过他的余生整天嘴里边嘟嘟囔囔喋 69 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:47,060 喋不休整个人不成人形这所疯人院呢 Not far from 70 00:05:47,060 --> 00:05:49,740 where Mantell had suffered his crippling accident 71 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:53,520 离 Mantell 发生车祸的那个位置倒是不远 72 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:06,560 前 73 00:06:06,970 --> 00:06:13,450 文说过 Mantell 在那次的 accident 中受了伤他的脊柱 74 00:06:13,450 --> 00:06:18,270 都被扭曲了死后他的这个扭曲的脊柱居然被放在 75 00:06:18,270 --> 00:06:24,210 Hantelrian Museum 展出正好是由他的死对头欧文看管 76 00:06:24,210 --> 00:06:29,250 展出了一个世纪以后最后终于是 We're mercifully 77 00:06:29,250 --> 00:06:34,470 obliterated by a German bombmercifully obliterated 78 00:06:34,470 --> 00:06:37,650 to obliterate means to destroy completely 79 00:06:38,530 --> 00:06:45,010 最后被一枚德国的炸弹击中被摧毁了这对他来说反而 80 00:06:45,010 --> 00:06:49,750 是一种仁慈被仁慈的摧毁了因为他放在那里实际上是 81 00:06:49,750 --> 00:06:52,910 对 Mantel 的 insult 对他是一种侮辱 82 00:06:53,570 --> 00:06:54,910 那这个 Blizz 83 00:06:56,250 --> 00:07:00,610 Blizz is shortened from a German word that means 84 00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:07,050 lightning war 就是闪电战是德语闪电战的缩写英文就 85 00:07:07,050 --> 00:07:08,870 写作 Blizz The 86 00:07:09,060 --> 00:07:11,800 Blizz refers to the German bombing of 87 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:15,680 Britainparticularly London during the Second World 88 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:22,520 War 夜里夜半一年,德国炸弹击了英国城市、 89 00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:24,840 港口和工业区域。 90 00:07:25,260 --> 00:07:29,880 伦敦被炸毕每天晚上 11 个星期。 91 00:07:30,060 --> 00:07:32,780 一半的伦敦被毁了。 92 00:07:33,080 --> 00:07:36,840 在爆炸中,30,000 名市民被杀, 93 00:07:37,060 --> 00:07:39,640 更多人被认为受到严重伤害。 94 00:07:39,620 --> 00:07:40,460 What 95 00:07:43,340 --> 00:07:45,920 remained of Mantell's collection after his 96 00:07:45,920 --> 00:07: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）