第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第6讲S5

1. 老师，讲稿里说 'be obsessed with' 是迷上，那 'obsession' 作为名词，具体是指那种健康的爱好，还是像讲稿里说的完全无法控制的不健康痴迷？
2. 关于 'type specimen'（模式标本），讲稿提到智人（Homo sapiens）的模式标本一直是 'vacancy'（空缺），这是不是说因为人类骨骼太多，导致我们找不到所谓‘第一副’被发现的骨头？
3. Cope 想成为智人的模式标本，这被形容为 'vain'（虚荣/自负），这和普通的 'earnest'（热切/认真）愿望有什么本质区别？为什么大家觉得这个想法很 odd（奇怪）？
4. 为什么 Cope 的骨头最终被 'shelved'（搁置）了？是因为他的遗嘱有问题，还是因为骨头上发现了梅毒（Syphilis）的迹象，导致大家不想保留这个特征？
5. 既然智人（现代人类）至今还没有正式的模式标本，这会不会影响我们对‘人’这个物种的定义？如果以后发现了更原始的直立人化石，会对现在的分类有什么影响？

1. Teacher, the script says 'be obsessed with' means to be fascinated, but as a noun, does 'obsession' refer to a healthy hobby or the uncontrollable, unhealthy fixation mentioned in the lecture?
2. Regarding 'type specimen', the script mentions that the type specimen for Homo sapiens has been a 'vacancy'. Does this mean we can't define it because there are too many human skeletons to identify the 'first' one ever discovered?
3. Cope wanted to become the type specimen for Homo sapiens, which was described as 'vain'. What is the essential difference between this and a simple 'earnest' wish, and why did people find it so 'odd'?
4. Why was Cope's bones request 'shelved' in the end? Was it due to issues with his will, or because signs of syphilis were found on the bones, making people unwilling to preserve that feature?
5. Since Homo sapiens still lacks an official type specimen, does this affect how we define the species? If more primitive Homo erectus fossils are discovered in the future, how would that impact our current classification?

1 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:06,520 In his final years, 2 00:00:06,700 --> 00:00:09,360 Cope developed one other interesting obsession. 3 00:00:10,150 --> 00:00:13,280 The verb of obsession is obsess. 4 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,500 If something or someone obsesses you, 5 00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:19,360 you think or worry about them all the time, 6 00:00:19,380 --> 00:00:21,500 and you cannot think about anything else. 7 00:00:22,060 --> 00:00:22,920 For example, 8 00:00:23,180 --> 00:00:26,660 a lot of young girls are obsessed by their weight. 9 00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:30,580 很多年轻女孩都特别操心她们的体重, 10 00:00:30,700 --> 00:00:36,580 be obsessed with.and David was obsessed with a girl he 11 00:00:36,580 --> 00:00:38,600 had just met 这个 12 00:00:38,660 --> 00:00:44,580 be obsessed with 在这里指的是迷上了 and obsession is 13 00:00:44,580 --> 00:00:49,920 a noun 是个名词 it means an extreme unhealthy interest 14 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:54,180 in something or worry about somethingwhich stops you 15 00:00:54,180 --> 00:00:58,600 from thinking about anything else 就是那种着魔的状 16 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:05,400 态 Cope 在最后几年开始有了一个非常有趣的念头 It 17 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,240 became his earnest wish to be declared the type 18 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:12,520 specimen for Homo sapiens That is, 19 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:16,080 that his bones would be the official set for the human 20 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:22,700 race Earnest means serious And type specimen 是模式标 21 00:01:22,700 --> 00:01:29,000 本用来作为确定一个物种基本特点的单个物种而 22 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:36,640 这个 Homo sapiens 是智人人这个作为动物是属于人鼠 23 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:44,700 人鼠中含有直立人尼亚德塔人和智人这三个种目前生 24 00:01:44,700 --> 00:01:51,560 存的只有智人一个种智人指的是会制造工具的人智人 25 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:57,430 的身体构造和直立人非常接近但是脑容量就大得多我 26 00:01:57,430 --> 00:02:05,180 们现代人就是智人是人科人数里面现存的唯一代表足 27 00:02:05,180 --> 00:02:09,680 迹几乎遍布整个地球可以说是进化的最成功的物种 28 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:18,080 Cope 非常热切地希望自己能够成为智人的模式标本也 29 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:23,780 就是说他死后他的这一幅骨骼将会成为人类的正式的 30 00:02:23,780 --> 00:02:28,020 标本 The official set 这里这个 set 指的是是 the set of 31 00:02:28,020 --> 00:02:33,180 bones 一副的骨骼要成为一个 official set 一副正式的 32 00:02:33,180 --> 00:02:33,600 标本 33 00:02:46,740 --> 00:02:53,240 一般来说某个物种的模式标本就是被找到的第一通 34 00:02:53,590 --> 00:02:59,050 常来说一个物种的模式标本就是最先被发现的那一套 35 00:02:59,050 --> 00:03:02,690 骨骼那一副骨骼但是智 36 00:03:02,910 --> 00:03:07,610 人也就是我们现代人类的骨骼实在是太多了哪一副才 37 00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:12,570 是最先被发现的这个根本就不知道所以就无所谓最先 38 00:03:12,570 --> 00:03:16,890 被发现的那一副因此呢就有这么一个 vacancy 这里要 39 00:03:16,890 --> 00:03:22,250 先复习一下 vacuumvacuum is a space that is completely 40 00:03:22,250 --> 00:03:26,990 empty of all gasvacant means not occupied 41 00:03:27,610 --> 00:03:31,910 and vacancy means an empty or unoccupied space 42 00:03:33,100 --> 00:03:38,720 在这里就是空缺的意思因为并不存在第一幅人类骨骼 43 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:44,480 所以人类的模式标本一直是空着 which Cope desired to 44 00:03:44,480 --> 00:03:48,560 fill 现在 Cope 打算填补这个空缺 It 45 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:52,880 was an odd and vain wish but no one could think of any 46 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:57,540 grounds to oppose it to be vain means to be extremely 47 00:03:57,540 --> 00:04:01,840 self conceited and to be extremely proud of himself for 48 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:03,800 his good looks or his ability 49 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:09,300 这是一个非常奇怪而且是极度虚荣极度自负的一种念 50 00:04:09,300 --> 00:04:10,300 头一种想法 51 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:16,540 可是没有人能够想出任何的 any grounds to oppose 52 00:04:16,540 --> 00:04:21,560 itgrounds means reasons 大家都没有理由来反对这个 53 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:23,940 想法 To that end, 54 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:27,740 Cope willed his bones to the Worcester Institute, 55 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:30,320 a learned society in Philadelphia, 56 00:04:30,700 --> 00:04:34,340 endowed by the descendants of the seemingly 57 00:04:34,340 --> 00:04:38,320 inescapable Caspar Worcester.willed 58 00:04:38,340 --> 00:04:44,200 这个 will 是动词它的名词 will means a legal 59 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:48,160 declaration of how a person wishes his or her 60 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:52,650 possessions to be disposed of after death 就是遗嘱所 61 00:04:52,650 --> 00:04:59,300 以这个 will 呢就是立遗嘱 Cope 立下遗嘱把自己的骨头 62 00:04:59,300 --> 00:05:03,940 捐赠给 Wister Institute 大家还记得这个 Wister 吗有 63 00:05:03,940 --> 00:05:06,000 印象吗这个 Wister Institute, 64 00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:08,460 a learned society in Philadelphia 65 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:14,420 这是费城的一个学术团体 endowed by the descendants 66 00:05:14,420 --> 00:05:19,320 of the seemingly inescapable Casper Wisterendow, 67 00:05:19,380 --> 00:05:23,860 to endow means to give a college or hospital etc. 68 00:05:24,040 --> 00:05:28,900 a large sum of money that provides it with an income 就是 69 00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:34,900 资助这么一个学术团体是由谁来资助的呢是 By the 70 00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:38,880 descendants of the seemingly inescapable Casper 71 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:45,800 Wisterdescendants 是后代的意思我们可以联想一下 72 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:50,360 前面学过的那个 descend 不是下降吗 descend 那个是名 73 00:05:50,360 --> 00:05:55,520 词的下降而这个 descend 也可以是动词表示下降那 74 00:05:55,520 --> 00:06:00,740 descendants 就是一代一代往下传的这个后代 75 00:06:01,570 --> 00:06:07,090 而是由这个 C asper Wister 的后代捐助的 C asper Wister 76 00:06:07,090 --> 00:06:11,220 就是我们前面说过的一个生物学家他的名字就是跟那 77 00:06:11,220 --> 00:06:14,350 个子藤是一样的 Wister Wisteria 78 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:20,220 Inescapable 好像是无处不在也就是说他在这个方面 79 00:06:20,220 --> 00:06:25,820 影响力是很大的在生物界影响力极大是 Inescapable 80 00:06:25,820 --> 00:06:28,800 没有办法去躲开他 81 00:06:43,860 --> 00:06:49,860 遗憾的是他的骨头经过一些的准备也就是经过一些处 82 00:06:49,860 --> 00:06:55,960 理然后再组装起来以后人们发现骨头上有一些迹象是 83 00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:01,880 什么的迹象呢 Incipient means beginning, 84 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:07,040 just starting to be Syphil is 这是一种疾病 85 00:07:07,620 --> 00:07:09,740 梅毒是一种性病 86 00:07:10,260 --> 00:07:16,940 在生殖期周围会发生溃疡秋症也会发生骨关节的损害 87 00:07:16,940 --> 00:07:22,100 所以它的损害已经在骨头上能够看到了 Hardly a 88 00:07:22,100 --> 00:07:25,680 feature one would wish to preserve in a type specimen 89 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:32,160 for one's o ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）