第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第6讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说欧文（Owen）的竞争是“petty”，而美国那场是“venomous”，这两个词在形容恶性竞争时到底有啥具体区别呀？
2. 文中提到 Marsh 是个“bookish”的人，还说他在野外“seldom very good at finding things”，这跟他“trim beard and dapper manner”（打扮整洁）放在一起，是想说明他啥特点呢？
3. 为什么讲稿里说 Cope 和 Marsh 一开始是“mutual friends”互相崇拜，后来却变成了“consuming hatred”（强烈的仇恨）？这种转变的原因在文本里明确了吗？
4. 文本里解释“drive”时特意强调不是开车，而是“force an animal or person to go forward”，那在形容人“driven”的时候，除了努力，还隐含了哪种心理状态？
5. Cope 和 Marsh 在恐龙化石发现上竞争得这么惨烈，甚至“changed the world of paleontology”，这种极端的敌对关系对古生物学的发展到底是好是坏？能延伸讲讲吗？

1. Teacher, the transcript says Owen's rivalry was 'petty' while the American one was 'venomous'; what's the specific difference between these two words when describing vicious competition?
2. The text describes Marsh as 'bookish' and notes he was 'seldom very good at finding things' in the field, yet he had a 'trim beard and dapper manner'; what characteristic is the author highlighting by putting these details together?
3. Why did Cope and Marsh go from being 'mutual friends' who admired each other to having a 'consuming hatred'? Is the reason for this shift clearly explained in the text?
4. When the text explains 'drive', it emphasizes it's not about driving a car but forcing someone forward; besides being hardworking, what psychological state does describing someone as 'driven' imply?
5. Cope and Marsh competed so fiercely in discovering dinosaur fossils that they 'changed the world of paleontology'; is this extreme hostility beneficial or harmful to the development of paleontology? Can you elaborate on this?

1 00:00:09,040 --> 00:00:15,850 前面我们学到欧文的其他科学家的运动, 2 00:00:15,830 --> 00:00:17,390 尤其是曼特尔。 3 00:00:17,610 --> 00:00:19,750 因此,我们应该理解到, 4 00:00:20,190 --> 00:00:25,890 尤其是曼特尔的赛事是 19 世纪的低点, 5 00:00:25,870 --> 00:00:30,610 但实际上是从外国来的。 6 00:00:30,590 --> 00:00:34,510 Petty means small,and here in our sentence, 7 00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:36,430 this means narrow minded, 8 00:00:36,690 --> 00:00:38,530 mean,and not generous. 9 00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:40,130 Marked? 10 00:00:40,130 --> 00:00:43,370 To mark means to show position, 11 00:00:43,710 --> 00:00:45,410 to show where something is, 12 00:00:45,590 --> 00:00:49,570 or to be a sign of an important stage in the development 13 00:00:49,570 --> 00:00:52,670 of something.我们完全有理由猜想, 14 00:00:52,830 --> 00:00:58,870 欧文的那些不正当的竞争手段应该已经是 19 世纪古生 15 00:00:58,870 --> 00:01:00,930 物学历史上的最低点了吧, 16 00:01:01,090 --> 00:01:03,350 已经是最糟糕的时刻吧。 17 00:01:03,570 --> 00:01:05,350 But in fact,worse was to come, 18 00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:08,810 可实际上更糟糕的事情还没有发生呢。 19 00:01:09,330 --> 00:01:13,090 接下来的恶性竞争事件来自海外, 20 00:01:13,230 --> 00:01:17,390 这里的 Overse as 指的是跟他们隔着大西洋的美国。 21 00:01:17,390 --> 00:01:18,630 In America, 22 00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:20,850 in the closing decades of the century, 23 00:01:21,030 --> 00:01:24,590 there arose a rivalry even more spectacularly 24 00:01:24,590 --> 00:01:26,810 venomous,if not quite as destructive. 25 00:01:27,670 --> 00:01:29,950 In the closing decades of the century, 26 00:01:30,150 --> 00:01:32,750 the century means 19th century. 27 00:01:32,910 --> 00:01:35,810 The closing decades means the last few decades, 28 00:01:36,190 --> 00:01:37,750 because after these decades, 29 00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:40,010 the 19th century will be over, 30 00:01:40,190 --> 00:01:44,430 and a new century will start.There arose a rivalry, 31 00:01:44,710 --> 00:01:48,650 even more spectacularly venomous.Spectacularly, 32 00:01:48,650 --> 00:01:51,290 I guess you've learned this word spectacle. 33 00:01:51,890 --> 00:01:55,570 A spectacle means an impressive show or an impressive 34 00:01:55,570 --> 00:01:56,270 scene. 35 00:01:56,600 --> 00:02:01,490 So spectacular means impressive or sensational or 36 00:02:01,490 --> 00:02:02,170 great. 37 00:02:02,450 --> 00:02:03,630 For example, 38 00:02:03,770 --> 00:02:08,490 a spectacular increase in spending means a great 39 00:02:08,490 --> 00:02:11,230 increase in spending.Therefore, 40 00:02:11,370 --> 00:02:14,890 spectacularly means extremely or greatly. 41 00:02:15,420 --> 00:02:18,040 Venomous.First of all, 42 00:02:18,100 --> 00:02:19,880 you need to learn this word venom. 43 00:02:20,260 --> 00:02:22,620 There are two meanings.The first, 44 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:27,380 venom means a liquid poison that some snakes or insects 45 00:02:27,380 --> 00:02:29,480 produce when they bite or sting you. 46 00:02:30,140 --> 00:02:30,840 Second, 47 00:02:30,940 --> 00:02:34,900 it means great anger or great hatred.Therefore, 48 00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:37,380 venomous means poisonous, 49 00:02:37,740 --> 00:02:41,380 like a venomous snake,meaning a poisonous snake, 50 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:46,340 or full of hatred,or full of anger.In this sentence, 51 00:02:46,340 --> 00:02:48,600 it means full of anger or full of hatred. 52 00:02:48,980 --> 00:02:54,360 You can see from the use of more and as that there are two 53 00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:56,520 things being compared here. 54 00:02:56,860 --> 00:02:59,800 One is the petty rivalries of Owen, 55 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:03,180 and the other is the venomous rivalry in America. 56 00:03:03,540 --> 00:03:08,820 发生在美国的这个恶性竞争的事件跟前面说的这个欧 57 00:03:08,820 --> 00:03:14,220 文的事件比起来或许破坏力不及前者破坏力会差一点 58 00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:19,560 但是他们用的手段绝对是更为恶劣这个事情的恶性程 59 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:23,900 度是要更强 It was between two strange and ruthless men 60 00:03:23,900 --> 00:03:28,720 Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh 它发生 61 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,900 在两个心情古怪的残忍无情的男士之间他们 62 00:03:34,630 --> 00:03:39,010 之间有很多的共同点 To 63 00:03:39,010 --> 00:03:47,150 spoil 64 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:51,380 means to give a child everything they want or let them do 65 00:03:51,380 --> 00:03:54,580 whatever they wantoften with the result that they 66 00:03:54,580 --> 00:03:56,440 behave badly For example, 67 00:03:56,620 --> 00:04:00,420 she is an only child but her parents didn't really spoil 68 00:04:00,420 --> 00:04:06,420 her 她虽然是个独生女但是父母并没有把它宠坏了 and 69 00:04:06,740 --> 00:04:11,340 driven you need to know that the drive here is not the 70 00:04:11,340 --> 00:04:16,460 drive as in driving a car to drive here means to force an 71 00:04:16,460 --> 00:04:18,520 animal or person to go somewhere, 72 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:20,900 to go forward therefore, 73 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:26,080 people who are driventry extremely hard to achieve 74 00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:29,740 what they want as if someone is driving them from behind 75 00:04:29,740 --> 00:04:31,880 好像有人在后面驱使, 76 00:04:31,940 --> 00:04:36,920 驱赶着他们一样他们对想要的东西是志在必得而且不 77 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:43,420 惜付出很大的努力 mistrust means to not trust 78 00:04:43,420 --> 00:04:46,660 someoneespecially because you think they may treat 79 00:04:46,660 --> 00:04:48,820 you unfairly or dishonestly 80 00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:53,360 therefore mistrusting means suspicious means not 81 00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:55,520 trusting 不信任人的 82 00:04:55,580 --> 00:05:00,760 多疑的 and everyone happy 而且从来都没有快乐过向来 83 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:04,980 都是郁郁不乐因为心胸狭窄的人是很难真正的快乐的 84 00:05:04,980 --> 00:05:08,980 Between them they changed the world of paleontology 85 00:05:08,980 --> 00:05:13,480 Between them means with their combined effort 他们两 86 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,880 个人共同改变了古生物学的世界 They 87 00:05:16,940 --> 00:05:20,880 began as mutual friends and admirers even naming 88 00:05:20,880 --> 00:05:24,240 fossil species after each other and spent a pleasant 89 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:30,340 week together in ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）