第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第5讲

1. 老师，文中说 Owen 做不诚实的事是 'barefaced dishonesty'，这个 'barefaced' 字面意思是 '没遮着脸'，为什么能引申为 '无耻/厚颜无耻' 呢？
2. 文中提到 Huxley 在 'Churchill's Medical Directory' 里看到 Owen 的职位时 'rather surprised'，这里的 'rather' 是表示 '相当' 还是 '有点' 的程度？它在这里起什么作用？
3. 文中解释 'blackball' 是投黑球反对，那 'blackball someone' 和直接说 'reject someone' 相比，在语意色彩或具体情境上有什么细微差别？
4. 为什么 Owen 要利用影响力去 'blackball' Robert Grant？文中提到 Grant 唯一的 'crime' 是 'shown promise'，这背后的竞争逻辑是什么？
5. 文章用 'dispirited obscurity' 来形容 Grant 后来的处境，'obscurity' 本意是模糊或不重要，这里指他默默无闻地消失了，这种用词对表达悲剧感有什么效果？

1. Teacher, the text describes Owen's dishonesty as 'barefaced dishonesty'. Since 'barefaced' literally means 'face uncovered', why does it extend to mean 'shameless' or 'brazen'?
2. The text says Huxley was 'rather surprised' to see Owen's position in the 'Churchill's Medical Directory'. Does 'rather' here mean 'quite' or 'somewhat', and what role does it play in the sentence?
3. The text explains 'blackball' as voting a black ball against someone. Compared to simply saying 'reject someone', what is the subtle difference in nuance or context between 'blackball someone' and 'reject someone'?
4. Why did Owen use his influence to 'blackball' Robert Grant? The text mentions Grant's only 'crime' was that he had 'shown promise'. What is the competitive logic behind this?
5. The article describes Grant's later situation as 'dispirited obscurity'. Since 'obscurity' originally means being unclear or unimportant, referring to him fading into obscurity, how does this word choice enhance the sense of tragedy?

1 00:00:08,500 --> 00:00:19,050 鲁文并不是一个有兴趣的男人, 2 00:00:19,230 --> 00:00:21,110 在表现上或性格上。 3 00:00:22,250 --> 00:00:26,030 他的中年年轻的照片显示了他是个狡猾和狡猾的男 4 00:00:26,030 --> 00:00:28,450 人,类似维多利亚剧中的主角, 5 00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:31,250 长长长的头发,眨眼睛, 6 00:00:31,330 --> 00:00:33,330 一副吓唬嬰儿的脸。 7 00:00:33,730 --> 00:00:37,770 这就是他的表现,那他的性格呢? 8 00:00:38,410 --> 00:00:39,070 我们来看看。 9 00:00:40,260 --> 00:00:42,180 在姿势上,他很冷酷, 10 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:44,600 并没有任何疑惑, 11 00:00:46,660 --> 00:00:51,600 Furtherance 的动词就是 further It means to promote or 12 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:54,400 to advance 推动推 13 00:00:54,780 --> 00:00:59,480 进的意思 The furtherance of his ambitions 指的是实现 14 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:02,040 自己的雄心壮志前 15 00:01:02,330 --> 00:01:07,910 面说到他的外表长得十分凶恶他的行为举止也是十分 16 00:01:07,910 --> 00:01:09,930 冷酷专横为 17 00:01:10,660 --> 00:01:14,940 了实现自己的雄心壮志他不会有丝毫的 hesitation 不 18 00:01:14,940 --> 00:01:18,720 会有丝毫的犹豫也就是他几乎是不择手段 19 00:01:25,320 --> 00:01:29,580 据我们所知 Charles Darwin 一生只讨厌过一个人那就 20 00:01:29,580 --> 00:01:32,440 是这位 Owen Even Owen's son, 21 00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:34,440 who soon after killed himself, 22 00:01:34,940 --> 00:01:38,540 referred to his father's lamentable coldness of 23 00:01:38,540 --> 00:01:38,880 heart. 24 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:40,480 Lamentable 25 00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:46,930 动词 lament means to express sad feelings for 也就是表 26 00:01:46,930 --> 00:01:48,100 示哀悼 27 00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:53,600 哀叹 The nation lamented the death of its great leader. 28 00:01:54,050 --> 00:01:57,510 Now lamentable means pathetic 29 00:01:58,130 --> 00:01:59,270 可悲的 30 00:01:59,350 --> 00:02:07,600 可叹的 referred to means mentioned 向别人提及提起即 31 00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:14,140 便是他的亲生儿子都向别人提及过他父亲那可悲的冷 32 00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:15,800 酷的心好 33 00:02:16,660 --> 00:02:21,640 现在我们再来讲讲这个 imperious 这个词的词源看 34 00:02:23,370 --> 00:02:27,750 过哈利波特系列的朋友可能会记得里边有一个夺魂咒 35 00:02:27,750 --> 00:02:32,030 叫 imperial it is one of the three unforgivable curses 36 00:02:32,030 --> 00:02:36,310 The purpose of this curse is to make someone do exactly 37 00:02:36,310 --> 00:02:40,930 what you want These pictures show instances of people 38 00:02:40,930 --> 00:02:45,710 under imperial curse 哈利波特里边提到的所有的咒语 39 00:02:45,710 --> 00:02:50,890 尽管都是作者 coined 都是作者生造出来的但是它都有 40 00:02:50,890 --> 00:02:55,890 一定的构词依据比如说这个 imperial 这个词在词典里 41 00:02:55,890 --> 00:03:00,890 边是查不到的是作者生造出来的但是它的词源是有的 42 00:03:00,890 --> 00:03:07,350 就是 imperial 这是拉丁文的词源意思就是命令由命令 43 00:03:07,350 --> 00:03:12,170 这个意思出发就形成了 imperial 这个夺魂咒的意思那 44 00:03:12,170 --> 00:03:16,510 就是如果对别人施以这个 imperial curse 你要他做什 45 00:03:16,510 --> 00:03:21,010 么他都听你的英语中有很多来源于这个 imperial 这个 46 00:03:21,010 --> 00:03:25,370 词根的其他的词汇比如说这个我们都很熟悉的 47 00:03:25,370 --> 00:03:30,870 emperor 皇帝 imperial 这个形容词是指皇家的比如说 48 00:03:30,870 --> 00:03:35,650 皇家园林 imperial garden 就是御花园 imperial palace 49 00:03:35,650 --> 00:03:42,050 皇宫这些意思都跟指挥命令是有相关的还有就是我们 50 00:03:42,050 --> 00:03:45,930 今天学的这个 imperialsimperials means giving 51 00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:51,450 orders and expecting to be obeyed 就是依止气势的 52 00:03:51,490 --> 00:03:56,460 专横的那种看更多的例子 Imperious Caesar, 53 00:03:56,800 --> 00:03:58,460 dead and turned to clay, 54 00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:02,800 said Melanie with a sad smile 这里说的 Imperious 55 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:03,160 Caesar, 56 00:04:03,340 --> 00:04:08,000 就是不可一世的 She dismissed my opinion with an 57 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,140 imperious wave of her hand Imperious, 58 00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:15,040 不由分说,不分青红皂白的 His 59 00:04:17,860 --> 00:04:21,680 undoubted gifts as an anatomistallowed him to get away 60 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:26,140 with the most bare faced dishonesties to get away with 61 00:04:26,140 --> 00:04:29,620 means to do something wrong or illegalwith out being 62 00:04:29,620 --> 00:04:33,780 discovered or punishedbarefaced you can divide this 63 00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:38,600 word into two partsbare and faced it means having no 64 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:43,040 covering over the face 跟这个词构词非常相似的是 65 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:49,560 barefooted 意思是打赤脚的没有穿鞋的 barefaced 66 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:54,220 dishonesty 指的是他在做这些不诚实的事情的时候脸 67 00:04:54,220 --> 00:04:58,560 上都是没有遮盖的也就是说他非常的不要脸他一点都 68 00:04:58,560 --> 00:04:59,180 不觉得不好意思 69 00:04:59,740 --> 00:05:05,600 欧文无疑是非常有天分的解剖学家也正因为如此他做 70 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:10,720 出一些最无耻的欺诈伎俩的时候人能够逃脱惩罚没有 71 00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:13,520 受到惩罚 In 1857, 72 00:05:13,860 --> 00:05:15,320 the naturalist T. 73 00:05:15,380 --> 00:05:18,420 H.Huxley was living through a new edition of 74 00:05:18,420 --> 00:05:21,520 Churchill's Medical Directory when he noticed that 75 00:05:21,520 --> 00:05:25,440 Owen was enlisted as professor of comparative anatomy 76 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:29,060 and physiology at the Government School of Mines, 77 00:05:29,280 --> 00:05:31,400 which rather surprised Huxley, 78 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:34,060 as that was the position he held 79 00:05:34,980 --> 00:05:40,240 T.H.Huxley 就是我们著名的翻译家严复所翻译的天眼 80 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:45,350 论的原作者 Leaving through 我们看一下这个 leave 这 81 00:05:45,350 --> 00:05:50,860 个词做名词的时候指的是书上的页子也可以指书里面 82 00:05:50,860 --> 00:05:56,660 的 page 一页一页的书页那做动词指的就是随意的翻阅 83 00:05:56,660 --> 00:06:00,140 一页一页翻过去 Leaving through A new edition of 84 00:06:00,140 --> 00:06:03,640 Churchill's Medical Directory A new edition 85 00:06:03,740 --> 00:06:07,480 新版因为这个可能是每年都出一本新版, 86 00:06:07,580 --> 00:06:08,720 每年更新的。 87 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:13,100 Directory is a book with lists of names, 88 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:17,180 addresses or telephone numbers of specific persons or 89 00:06:17,180 --> 00:06:18,200 organizations. 90 00:06:19,220 --> 00:06:24,000 就是类似是名录或者说通讯录, 91 00:06:24,100 --> 00:06:25,600 企业名录这样的。 92 00:06:26,160 --> 00:06:28,080 Churchill's Medical Directory, 93 00:06:28,420 --> 00:06:31,180 丘吉尔一介名人录。 94 00:06:31,180 --> 00:06:34,700 我们可以看一下这个这是我们现在的 Medical 95 00:06:34,700 --> 00:06:39,260 Directory 它这里根据这里的介绍就是它介绍的主要 96 00:06:39,260 - ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）