第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第5讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说Mantell的脊椎骨被送到博物馆是一件“讽刺”的事，这里的irony具体是指啥呀？为啥说它跟我们的预期相反？
2. 那个讣告里说Mantell是个“mediocre”的解剖学家，还说他缺乏“exact knowledge”，这两个词在描述他的专业能力时，侧重点有啥区别？
3. 文中提到欧文给化石重新命名叫“rechristen”，这个词字面意思是“重新洗礼”，这里用来指“重新命名”是咋回事？跟普通的rename有啥不同？
4. 为啥欧文在皇家学会领奖这件事，会被认为是他“transgressions”（越界行为）开始暴露的转折点？这跟他自己是委员会主席有啥关系？
5. 讲稿最后说欧文虽然保住了勋章，但留下了“永久的污点”，你觉得这种名誉上的损害，对他后来在科学界的地位有啥长远影响？

1. The transcript mentions that sending Mantell's spine to the museum was 'ironic'. What exactly does this irony refer to, and why is it the opposite of what we would expect?
2. The obituary called Mantell 'mediocre' and said he lacked 'exact knowledge'. What's the difference in focus between these two words when describing his professional abilities?
3. The text says Owen 'rechristened' the fossil. Since 'christen' literally means to give a name in baptism, how is it used here to mean 'rename'? How is it different from just saying 'rename'?
4. Why is Owen receiving the Royal Medal considered the turning point where his 'transgressions' began to be exposed? How does his role as the committee chairman play into this?
5. The end of the transcript says Owen kept his medal but left a 'permanent stain' on his reputation. In your opinion, what long-term impact did this reputational damage have on his standing in the scientific community?

1 00:00:12,490 --> 00:00:17,770 到 1852 年,Mantell 再也无法忍受身体的痛苦, 2 00:00:17,870 --> 00:00:20,530 也无法忍受欧文对他的迫害, 3 00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:22,750 他自杀以求解脱。 4 00:00:39,140 --> 00:00:45,480 Deformed 看一下中间的这个 form 这是名词形状前面加 5 00:00:45,480 --> 00:00:51,380 de 就有否定的意思 deformed 意思是变形的它变形的脊 6 00:00:51,380 --> 00:00:57,660 椎骨被取了下来送到了皇家外科医师学会那现在这件 7 00:00:57,660 --> 00:01:02,990 事就相当的讽刺了真是够讽刺 irony 指的就是这种跟 8 00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:08,500 你所设想的所期待的情形完全相反的具有讽刺意味的 9 00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:12,480 情形 It was placed in the care of Richard Owen 10 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:18,040 他的变形的脊椎骨被交给了 Richard Owen 保管因为 11 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,980 Richard Owen 是当时的 Hunterian Museum 亨特博物馆的 12 00:01:21,980 --> 00:01:22,400 馆长 13 00:01:22,860 --> 00:01:27,620 这个亨特博物馆是非常另类的一家博物馆专门收藏人 14 00:01:27,620 --> 00:01:32,620 类和动物的内脏各种器官骨骼等等包括健康和病态的 15 00:01:32,620 --> 00:01:38,860 标本藏品多数是外科学新区亨特的收藏最佳博物馆是 16 00:01:38,860 --> 00:01:44,700 免费的但是 2017 年到 2020 年期间闭馆修上到 2020 年之 17 00:01:44,700 --> 00:01:49,520 后又可以开放继续购人参观了 But 18 00:01:50,030 --> 00:01:52,890 the insults had not quite finished Soon after 19 00:01:52,890 --> 00:01:56,030 Mantell's deathan arrestingly uncharitable ob 20 00:01:56,030 --> 00:01:58,590 ituary appeared in the literary gazette 21 00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:05,250 但是 Mantel 受到的侮辱还远远没有结束在 Mantel 死后 22 00:02:05,250 --> 00:02:05,610 不久 23 00:02:11,310 --> 00:02:15,970 我们看一下他的动词 arrest 以前解释过这个词 arrest 24 00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:21,350 means catch 就是抓住那么 arresting 这个形容词就相 25 00:02:21,350 --> 00:02:26,310 当于是 catchingeye catching 也就是引人注目的加 ly 26 00:02:26,310 --> 00:02:30,750 以后变成副词 uncharitable 我们先了解一下 27 00:02:30,750 --> 00:02:32,930 charitycharity 28 00:02:33,050 --> 00:02:37,110 它的名词形式 charity means providing help to the poor 29 00:02:37,110 --> 00:02:39,150 也就是慈善事业 30 00:02:39,210 --> 00:02:45,430 慈善团体的 charitable 是它的形容词形式 charitable 31 00:02:45,430 --> 00:02:47,470 it means kind or sympathetic 32 00:02:48,280 --> 00:02:51,580 therefore uncharitable means unkind or 33 00:02:51,580 --> 00:02:55,380 unsympathetic 冷酷无情的 ob 34 00:02:55,580 --> 00:02:59,880 ituary is a piece of article in a newspaper about the 35 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:03,940 life of someone who has just diedliterary 36 00:03:03,940 --> 00:03:09,240 gazettegazette means newspaper or magazine 也就是报 37 00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:11,200 纸杂志在 38 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:17,560 Mantel 死后不久 Mantel 死后不久在文艺杂志上出现了 39 00:03:17,560 --> 00:03:23,100 一篇令人侧目的极不厚道的复告 in it Mantel was 40 00:03:23,100 --> 00:03:27,240 characterized as a mediocre anatomistwhose modest 41 00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:31,440 contributions to paleontology were limited by a want 42 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:35,000 of exact knowledgemediocre means not very good, 43 00:03:35,140 --> 00:03:36,960 second rate 一般般的, 44 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:42,400 水平很平庸的 modest 也是指 not very big, 45 00:03:42,520 --> 00:03:43,700 不是很大的, 46 00:03:43,900 --> 00:03:49,760 一般普通的 want of exact knowledge 这个 want 并不是动 47 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:52,580 词,它是名词它表示缺乏, 48 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:54,320 lack of exact knowledge 49 00:03:56,030 --> 00:03:58,910 In it,it 指的就是 orbituary, 50 00:03:59,130 --> 00:04:00,390 in this orbituary, 51 00:04:00,490 --> 00:04:03,930 Mantel was characterized as a mediocre anatomist. 52 00:04:03,970 --> 00:04:05,810 在这篇复告里面, 53 00:04:05,870 --> 00:04:09,250 Mantel 被说成是一个平庸的解剖学者。 54 00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:13,750 他对古生物学没有什么非常出色的贡献, 55 00:04:13,910 --> 00:04:16,910 这是因为他缺乏确切的知识。 56 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:33,490 这篇复告甚至把 Mantel 发现秦龙的这件事实给抹杀掉 57 00:04:33,490 --> 00:04:44,490 而把这个功劳而把功劳归注于包括居委业和欧文在内 58 00:04:44,490 --> 00:04:48,350 的其他人士 Though the piece carried no byline, 59 00:04:48,670 --> 00:04:50,230 the style was Owen's, 60 00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:53,670 and no one in the world of the natural sciences doubted 61 00:04:53,670 --> 00:04:56,990 the authorship.Byline 是底下的署名栏, 62 00:04:57,070 --> 00:04:59,290 也就是这篇复稿没有署名, 63 00:04:59,410 --> 00:05:02,250 但是它的写作风格明显是欧文的。 64 00:05:02,350 --> 00:05:04,750 整个自然科学界都很清楚, 65 00:05:04,950 --> 00:05:06,310 欧文就是作者。 66 00:05:07,500 --> 00:05:09,080 By this stage,however, 67 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:12,500 Owen's transgressions were beginning to catch up with 68 00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:16,960 him.Transgressions 动词 transgress means to step 69 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:21,140 beyond a limit The transgression 指的是越界的行为 70 00:05:22,430 --> 00:05:25,290 违背道德规范的行为 To 71 00:05:26,980 --> 00:05:29,600 catch up with somebody means to be revealed 72 00:05:31,430 --> 00:05:37,030 到这个时候欧文的种种不法行为也慢慢要开始被披露 73 00:05:37,030 --> 00:05:41,570 出来他的坏事也快要干到头了 His undoing began when a 74 00:05:41,570 --> 00:05:45,010 committee of the Royal Society a committee of which he 75 00:05:45,010 --> 00:05:46,390 happened to be chairman, 76 00:05:46,550 --> 00:05:49,930 decided to award him its highest honor, 77 00:05:50,130 --> 00:05:51,210 the royal medal, 78 00:05:51,410 --> 00:05:55,730 for a paper he had written on an extinct moll usk called 79 00:05:55,730 --> 00:05:57,270 the Pelhamite 80 00:05:57,790 --> 00:06:01,250 这个句子的主干是 his undoing began when 81 00:06:01,490 --> 00:06:08,650 后面带着一个时间转移重序我们先解释这个重序当皇 82 00:06:08,650 --> 00:06:12,090 家学会的一个委员会决定 83 00:06:15,350 --> 00:06:22,000 决定把协会最高的荣誉也就是皇家勋章授予 Him 也就 84 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:31,330 是欧文本人授予欧文本人为了表 85 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:37,460 彰他所写的关于一种已经灭绝的软体动物见识的论文 86 00:06:37,460 --> 00:06:41,220 那现在再来看一下破折号的部分 A committee of which 87 00:06:41,220 --> 00:06:42,760 he happened to be chairman 88 00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:47,940 欧文本人恰好就是这一个委员会的主席 89 00:06:48,510 --> 00:06:53,070 这就有点自己给自己颁发奖章的意思了所以就印证了 90 00:06:53,070 --> 00:06:57,237 前面说的 bare faced dishonesties 好我们现在再来看 91 00:06:57,237 --> 00:07:02,010 一下这个 Bellumite 见识的图片这是见识的化石 92 00:07:02,550 --> 00:07:07,100 箭矢长得有点像乌贼但是它的内骨骼比较发达所以可 93 00:07:07,100 --> 00:07:08,530 以保留到现在 94 00:07:20,420 --> 00:07:26,220 然而正如 Cadbury 在他记述那个时期的一部优秀的历 95 00:07:26,220 --> 00:07:30,940 史著作就是 Terrible Lizard 这本书里面所写的那样欧 96 00:07:30,940 --> 00:07:3 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）