第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第3讲S4

1. 讲稿里说 Megalosaurus 的名字是 James Parkinson 建议的，那 'eponym' 这个词到底咋理解？为啥说 Parkinson 是帕金森病的 eponym 呀？
2. Buckland 在报告里提到 Megalosaurus 的牙齿长在 'sockets' 里，这跟蜥蜴的牙齿有啥区别？为啥用 'socket' 这个词来形容牙槽？
3. 同样是发现恐龙，为啥讲稿里说 Mantell 是 'far more deserving'，但最后发现 Megalosaurus 的功劳却归给了 Buckland？
4. Mantell 后来想把自家改成博物馆收门票，为啥说他这么做是 'mercenary act'？这对他作为 'gentleman' 的地位有啥影响？
5. Mantell 为了出书卖不出去还得自己掏钱 'underwrite'，结果损失惨重。为啥他宁愿亏钱也不把书免费送人，非要自己出版呢？

1. The script says James Parkinson suggested the name for Megalosaurus; how should I understand the term 'eponym'? Why is Parkinson considered the eponym for Parkinson's disease?
2. Buckland noted that Megalosaurus teeth were placed in 'sockets' in his report. What's the difference between that and lizard teeth, and why use the word 'socket' for tooth sockets?
3. Since both were involved in dinosaur discoveries, why does the script call Mantell 'far more deserving,' yet the credit for discovering Megalosaurus still went to Buckland?
4. Mantell considered turning his house into a museum to charge admission, but why was this called a 'mercenary act'? How would it affect his standing as a 'gentleman'?
5. Mantell lost a lot of money because he had to 'underwrite' his book himself since it wasn't selling. Why did he insist on publishing it at his own expense instead of just giving it away for free?

1 00:00:05,070 --> 00:00:06,690 It was the Megalosaurus, 2 00:00:07,130 --> 00:00:10,370 and the name was actually suggested to Buckland by his 3 00:00:10,370 --> 00:00:11,810 friend,Dr.James Parkinson, 4 00:00:12,170 --> 00:00:15,070 the would be radical and eponym for Parkinson's 5 00:00:15,070 --> 00:00:15,350 disease. 6 00:00:16,180 --> 00:00:19,640 Megalosaurus 中文是翻译作斑龙, 7 00:00:19,760 --> 00:00:22,540 但是这个词我们从词根上来看, 8 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:24,220 这个 Mega 的意思是巨大, 9 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:26,300 其实它的意思是巨大龙。 10 00:00:26,950 --> 00:00:29,990 那这名字呢,实际上是他的朋友 Dr. 11 00:00:30,210 --> 00:00:31,950 James Parkinson 建议的, 12 00:00:31,990 --> 00:00:33,710 Buckland 采纳了他的建议。 13 00:00:34,210 --> 00:00:38,290 这位 Parkinson 对我们来说并不是陌生人我们之前学 14 00:00:38,290 --> 00:00:43,330 习过他的一些事迹了他是一个 radicalradical 是激进 15 00:00:43,330 --> 00:00:47,290 分子他参与了一些暴乱甚至差点要被流放 16 00:00:48,330 --> 00:00:52,510 这里用 would be 就表示在这个时候他还不是一个 17 00:00:52,510 --> 00:00:57,330 radical 他将来就会成为一个 radical 而且会成为 the 18 00:00:57,330 --> 00:01:00,290 eponym for Parkinson's diseaseeponym 19 00:01:00,530 --> 00:01:05,870 民族 It means a person whose name is the source of the 20 00:01:05,870 --> 00:01:10,730 name of something 也就是 Parkinson's disease 帕金森 21 00:01:10,730 --> 00:01:15,890 综合症帕金森病这个疾病的名称就来自这位医生 22 00:01:15,890 --> 00:01:19,930 James Parkinson 的名字因为他对这个疾病进行了很多 23 00:01:19,930 --> 00:01:24,070 研究所以我们说他是 Parkinson's disease 的 aponym 是 24 00:01:24,070 --> 00:01:24,750 他的名字 25 00:01:35,380 --> 00:01:40,540 它是一个牧师但是 it may be recalled 我们要记得它首 26 00:01:40,540 --> 00:01:45,280 先是一个 geologist 是一个地质学家 it 27 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:50,860 指的就是它作为地质学家的身份它就是通过自己在 28 00:01:50,860 --> 00:01:55,660 Meg asaurus 的发现这个事情上展现出了他的这个 29 00:01:55,660 --> 00:02:01,040 geologist 的实力我看得出来他不是恶的虚名 In his 30 00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:04,620 report for the transactions of the Geological Society 31 00:02:04,620 --> 00:02:08,920 of London he noted that the creature's teeth were not 32 00:02:08,920 --> 00:02:12,520 attached directly to the jawbone as in lizards, 33 00:02:12,700 --> 00:02:16,760 but placed in sockets in the manner of crocodiles 34 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:23,760 Transactions 指的是一些学会的刊物可以翻译成学报 35 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:29,480 或者学刊在他交给伦敦地质学会学刊共发表的这个 36 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:33,980 report 他的这个报告里边 he noted that 他指出 the 37 00:02:33,980 --> 00:02:37,940 creature's teeth were not attacheddirectly to the 38 00:02:37,940 --> 00:02:42,940 jawbone as in lizardsjawbone 就是像这样的颌 39 00:02:43,040 --> 00:02:45,100 骨叫 jawbone 他 40 00:02:45,190 --> 00:02:51,350 说这种生物的牙齿并不像蜥蜴的牙齿那样是直接连在 41 00:02:51,350 --> 00:02:56,290 颌骨上的可见蜥蜴的牙齿并不是一颗一颗这样长着的 42 00:02:56,290 --> 00:03:00,830 而是直接连在上面你没有办法把它拔出来如果真的拔 43 00:03:00,830 --> 00:03:02,430 出来那就是把它弄断了 44 00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:07,770 but placed in sockets in the manner of crocodiles 45 00:03:07,770 --> 00:03:08,750 sockets 46 00:03:09,390 --> 00:03:12,850 这就是一种 sockets 这是三孔插座 47 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:19,760 这样的凹槽就叫 sockets 人眼睛的眼窝也叫 sockets 那 48 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:24,940 牙齿牙槽骨上也有一个个的洞一枚一枚的牙齿呢就长 49 00:03:24,940 --> 00:03:29,720 在那上面那个也叫 sockets 所以他这里说这种生物的 50 00:03:29,720 --> 00:03:35,700 牙齿跟鳄鱼的比较类似是一颗一颗插在这个牙槽裹里 51 00:03:35,700 --> 00:03:36,880 边的但是 52 00:03:39,250 --> 00:03:41,410 这位 Buckland 53 00:03:50,910 --> 00:03:55,890 尽管已经注意到了这么多的细节他还是没能够意识到 54 00:03:55,890 --> 00:04:00,910 Megalosaurus 是完全不同的一种生物是以前人们从来 55 00:04:00,910 --> 00:04:03,590 没有发现过的一种生物 So, 56 00:04:03,810 --> 00:04:07,490 although his report demonstrated little acuity or 57 00:04:07,490 --> 00:04:10,750 insight it was still the first published description 58 00:04:10,750 --> 00:04:13,770 of a dinosaur and so,to him, 59 00:04:13,910 --> 00:04:17,710 rather than the far more deserving Mantell goes the 60 00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:21,170 credit for the discovery of this ancient line of beings 61 00:04:21,170 --> 00:04:27,440 Demonstrated little acuity or insight 意思是他的这 62 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:32,530 个报告并没有展现出多少的犀利的观点或者真知灼见 63 00:04:32,530 --> 00:04:36,230 It was still the first published description of a 64 00:04:36,230 --> 00:04:41,550 dinosaur 但是它的确是最早出版的关于恐龙的描述 65 00:04:41,550 --> 00:04:42,550 And 66 00:04:43,030 --> 00:04:46,850 so to him rather than the far more deserving mantel goes 67 00:04:46,850 --> 00:04:49,570 the credit for the discovery of this ancient line of 68 00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:54,910 beings Ancient line of beings 这个 line 指的是一系列 69 00:04:54,910 --> 00:04:57,950 一条线的也就是指恐龙这种类型 70 00:04:58,680 --> 00:04:59,160 好 71 00:04:59,220 --> 00:05:03,760 现在我们把这个句子后面这个句子要调整一下变成正 72 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:04,920 常的顺序就是 73 00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:15,160 就是首先发现这类古生物的这个功劳这是主语 74 00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:22,150 就是这个功劳呢 goes to him, 75 00:05:22,230 --> 00:05:26,230 功劳要归给这个 Buckland 而不是, 76 00:05:26,370 --> 00:05:30,030 rather than 表示否定这后面的而不是 the far more 77 00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:33,710 deserving Mantell 而不是给 Mantell 虽然这个 Mantell 78 00:05:33,710 --> 00:05:35,310 是 far more deserving 79 00:05:36,050 --> 00:05:42,530 他其实好像是更有资格 Unaware that disappointment 80 00:05:42,530 --> 00:05:46,390 was going to be a continuing feature of his life Mantell 81 00:05:46,390 --> 00:05:49,990 continued hunting for fossils He found another giant, 82 00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:52,570 the Heliosaurus,in 1833 83 00:06:00,700 --> 00:06:04,100 巨子的主干结构是这里 Mantel continued hunting for 84 00:06:04,100 --> 00:06:08,640 fossils Mantel 继续搜寻化石 and purchasing others 85 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:12,380 from quarry men and farmersothers means other fossils 86 00:06:12,380 --> 00:06:17,720 除了他自己亲自去找以外他还从 quarry men 也就是前 87 00:06:17,720 --> 00:06:22,140 面说过这个采石厂 quarry 采石厂的工人已经农民手中 88 00:06:22,140 --> 00:06:23,420 去购买化石 89 00:06:24,540 --> 00:06:35,080 好现在再把细节加上去当时他没有意识到 90 00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:40,940 失望将伴随着他的一生所以他又继续去搜寻化石 91 00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:49,060 后来他又自己找到了一个巨大的化石 92 00:06:49,800 --> 00:06:55,920 巨型化石那就是森林龙的化石森林龙是甲龙的一种是 93 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:57,540 这个样子的到 94 00:06:58,370 --> 00:07:01,750 最后呢他拥有了英国最 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）