第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第2讲S5

1. 老师，讲稿里说Lewis和Clark探险队路过Hell Creek Formation时，甚至看到了嵌在石头里的恐龙骨头，但'failed to make anything of it'，这里的'make something of'具体是什么意思？为什么他们看了却没认出来？
2. 文中提到Pilute Moody在New England发现恐龙足迹化石，这里有个词'spyed ancient tracks'，spy不是间谍的意思吗？在这儿做动词怎么理解成'看见'了？
3. 讲稿里对比了两个发现：一个是1806年Lewis和Clark看到了骨头但没认出来，另一个是1818年发现的Archiosaurus骨头被保存了下来。这两个案例在'是否被识别为恐龙化石'这个结果上有什么关键区别？
4. 为什么1818年发现的Archiosaurus骨头当时没能被认定为恐龙（weren't recognized for what they were），而要等到1855年才确认身份？这反映了当时科学认知的什么局限？
5. 最后讲到植物学家Thomas Nuttall用Caspar Wister的名字命名了紫藤（Wisteria），但有些'botanical purists'（植物学纯粹主义者）坚持要拼成Wisteria。为什么会有这种拼写之争？'purist'在这里体现了什么样的态度？

1. Teacher, the transcript says the Lewis and Clark expedition passed through the Hell Creek Formation and even saw dinosaur bones embedded in rock, but they 'failed to make anything of it'. What exactly does 'make something of' mean here? Why didn't they recognize it?
2. The text mentions Pilute Moody 'spied ancient tracks' in New England. Doesn't 'spy' mean spy/agent? How can it be used as a verb to mean 'saw'?
3. The transcript contrasts two discoveries: one in 1806 where Lewis and Clark saw bones but didn't recognize them, and another in 1818 where Archiosaurus bones were preserved. What is the key difference in the outcome regarding whether they were identified as dinosaur fossils?
4. Why weren't the Archiosaurus bones discovered in 1818 recognized for what they were until 1855? What does this reflect about the scientific understanding of that time?
5. Finally, it mentions that botanist Thomas Nuttall named the wisteria shrub after Caspar Wister, but some 'botanical purists' insist on spelling it 'Wisteria'. Why is there this spelling debate, and what attitude does 'purist' reflect here?

1 00:00:05,580 --> 00:00:07,440 1806 年, 2 00:00:07,580 --> 00:00:08,280 路易斯 3 00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:12,040 桑克尔旅行队在莫德纳河中途经过了河河的组成, 4 00:00:12,640 --> 00:00:14,400 在一个地方, 5 00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:18,360 在辽宙探测员们后来绝对地逃避了鸟类骨, 6 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:24,000 甚至检查了一片明显被鸟类骨陷入的岩石, 7 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:26,200 但无法做出任何事情。 8 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:31,280 The Lewis and Clark Expedition 就是前面我们所说的 9 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:36,230 Jefferson 所派出的那个考察队是由他的朋友也是他 10 00:00:36,230 --> 00:00:41,860 的私人秘书 Lew is 跟另外一个人共同担任领队的他们 11 00:00:41,860 --> 00:00:46,480 经过了 The Hell Creek Formation in Montana Formation 12 00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:52,200 指的是一系列具有相同特点的岩石那这个地方可不是 13 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:56,750 一般的地方因为后来的 fossil hunters 有寻找化石的 14 00:00:56,750 --> 00:01:01,600 人 would literally trip over dinosaur bonestrip over 15 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:07,360 是指走路的时候被什么东西绊倒 literally 呢之前有 16 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:11,940 介绍过了是指字面意思的就实际上我一点都不夸张这 17 00:01:11,940 --> 00:01:17,260 里没有使用任何的修辞方式实际上就是这样它们走路 18 00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:22,040 的时候都会被恐龙骨头给绊倒说明这里有很多的恐龙 19 00:01:22,040 --> 00:01:23,340 骨头在 20 00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:27,650 这样的情况下这两个人还是没有发现恐龙骨头这实在 21 00:01:27,650 --> 00:01:28,630 是 unfortunate 22 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:33,040 所以这两个人呢是 passed through the Hell Creek 23 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:37,020 formation in Montana and even examined what was 24 00:01:37,020 --> 00:01:42,300 clearly a dinosaur boneembedded in rock 他们甚至还审 25 00:01:42,300 --> 00:01:48,280 视了一个嵌在石头中的恐龙化石 but failed to make 26 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:55,080 anything of it 但是也没看出什么名堂 make of means to 27 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:59,480 have a particular opinion about or understanding of 28 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:01,800 something or someone for example, 29 00:02:01,900 --> 00:02:06,160 I didn't know what to make of him 我真搞不懂他, 30 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:08,980 我也不知道该怎么判断了 it 31 00:02:09,460 --> 00:02:13,220 also means to use the opportunities that you have in 32 00:02:13,220 --> 00:02:14,520 order to become successful 33 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:20,780 I want to make something of my life 我想让自己有所作为 34 00:02:20,780 --> 00:02:24,960 or she has the ambition and talent to make something of 35 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:26,480 herself 那 36 00:02:27,020 --> 00:02:32,680 在这里就是她没看出什么就看了看也就这样算了没有 37 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:35,000 发现它有什么 significance, 38 00:02:35,060 --> 00:02:39,430 importance Other bones and fossilized 39 00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:42,890 footprintswere found in the Connecticut River Valley 40 00:02:42,890 --> 00:02:47,730 of New Englandafter a fun boy named Pilate Moody Spied 41 00:02:47,730 --> 00:02:51,250 Ancient Tracks on a Rock Ledge at South Hadley, 42 00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:53,450 Massachusettsspy 43 00:02:53,490 --> 00:02:59,710 大家可能见过这个词原型 spy 是间谍如果做动词的话 44 00:02:59,710 --> 00:03:05,510 就是侦查的意思在这呢其实 spy 就是看见 a 45 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:12,480 rock ledgeledge 就是这样凸起的一块凸出来的一个部 46 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:16,900 分 rock ledge 就是岩壁上的一个凸起而 47 00:03:17,020 --> 00:03:22,000 这个呢是 window ledge 就是窗台然后再看 fossilized 48 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:22,420 footprints 49 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:29,640 是指成为化石的脚印因为化石并不仅仅只是动物的骨 50 00:03:29,640 --> 00:03:35,880 头可以叫化石动物的脚印也能够成为化石那这里有一 51 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:41,280 个时间关系首先是 after 后面的这个是更早发生的 52 00:03:47,740 --> 00:03:53,720 首先是一个农场男孩发现一块凸起地面的岩石上印着 53 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:59,820 明显的古老野兽的足迹随后有人在 New England 新英格 54 00:03:59,820 --> 00:04:05,240 兰大家看到 New England 他就不可能在英格兰不可能在 55 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:09,980 英国凡是前面有加 New 的这个地名呢往往都是在他们 56 00:04:09,980 --> 00:04:16,120 所说的新大陆也就是美洲或者是澳洲这里是在美洲在 57 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:21,520 新英格兰的一个河谷里边发现了其他的骨头以及足迹 58 00:04:21,520 --> 00:04:23,080 化石 some 59 00:04:23,310 --> 00:04:27,810 of these at least survive notably the bones of an 60 00:04:27,810 --> 00:04:30,910 Achillosauruswhich are in the collection of the 61 00:04:30,910 --> 00:04:34,790 Peabody Museum at Yale notably means especially 62 00:04:34,790 --> 00:04:41,850 Anchillosaurus 是安奇龙也可以翻译作近西龙也就是 63 00:04:41,850 --> 00:04:45,630 跟蜥蜴比较近似的意思大概 64 00:04:45,700 --> 00:04:50,760 是这个样子这是复原图 some of these at least survive 65 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:55,140 Some of these 指的是这些发现就所发现的这些骨头呢 66 00:04:55,140 --> 00:04:57,360 至少是存留到今天的 67 00:04:57,980 --> 00:05:02,720 尤其是 the bones of an archiosaurus 就是一条安奇隆的 68 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:08,480 骨头它是被收藏在耶鲁大学的一个博物馆里边 Found 69 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:13,120 in 1818 they were the first dinosaur bones to be 70 00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,300 examined and saved but unfortunately weren't 71 00:05:17,300 --> 00:05:19,040 recognized for what they were 72 00:05:21,500 --> 00:05:27,820 这些骨头是 1818 年被发现的它们成为第一批经过检视 73 00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:34,480 并且被保存的恐龙骨头但遗憾的是它们真正的身份要 74 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:38,660 到 1855 年才被认定 In that same year, 75 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:41,800 1818,Caspar Wister died, 76 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:46,680 but he did gain a certain unexpected immortality when a 77 00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:50,380 botanist named Thomas Nutt all named a delightful 78 00:05:50,380 --> 00:05:52,140 climbing shrub after him. 79 00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:57,400 Immortality,我们看一下中间的这个词, 80 00:05:57,480 --> 00:06:01,480 Mortal,Mortal means not able to live forever. 81 00:06:01,820 --> 00:06:05,640 Immortal,I am 加在前面表示否定, 82 00:06:05,780 --> 00:06:07,760 it means able to live forever. 83 00:06:08,240 --> 00:06:14,860 就是不朽的能够长生不老的 immortality 是名词也就 84 00:06:14,860 --> 00:06:20,940 是不朽或长生不老那在这里指的是不朽就在那一年 C 85 00:06:20,940 --> 00:06:25,700 asper Wister 死了 But he did gain a certain unexpected 86 00:06:25,700 --> 00:06:31,300 immortality 但是他也获得了某种程度的不朽也就是 87 00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:37,280 他名垂青史那这个倒是有点 unexpected 不是出乎意料 88 00:06:37,280 --> 00:06:38,560 的 When 89 00:06:38,660 --> 00:06:43,380 a botanist named Thomas Nutt all A botanist is a 90 00:06:43,380 --> 00:06:48,480 scientist who studies plants 就是植物学家有一位植 91 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:53,540 物学家 Named a delightful climbing shrub after him 92 00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:59,660 Name something after him 就是以他的名字 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）