第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第1讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说Jefferson写书反驳时，如果不懂'context'（背景/来龙去脉）就会觉得他很困惑（bewildering），这具体是指哪段历史背景呀？为啥没这个背景大家就看不懂他在气啥？
2. 这里提到了两种带角的鹿，一个是Moose（麋鹿），一个是Elk/Stag（ Elk或公鹿）。它们都有'rack of antlers'（鹿角），那Moose和Elk在角的样子或者体型上到底有啥区别？为啥Jefferson非要指定Moose的角不可？
3. 讲稿里说Sullivan送去的Moose骨架'lacked the imposing horns'（缺少威风的大角），但他又'thoughtfully included a rack of antlers from an elk'（周到地附带了一对鹿角）。既然都叫antlers，为啥不能直接说Moose有角，而要特意从Elk身上取角来替代？这里用'instead'有什么深意？
4. 法国人布丰（Buffon）明明是在质疑美国动物的体型，Jefferson却特意派兵去猎杀Moose并送骨架过去证明'American quarterp its'（美洲四足动物）的高大。Jefferson这么做，除了反驳观点，是不是还在试图证明美国在文化或自然上不比欧洲差？
5. 最后讲到发现'Mammoth'（猛犸象）化石时，说当时'identified, not quite correctly'（鉴定得不准确）。既然后来知道鉴定错了，那当时的人们为什么会在美国发现这些巨型动物化石时，还觉得法国人的质疑是'insubstantial'（微不足道的）错误呢？

1. Teacher, the transcript mentions that Jefferson's rebuttal in his book might seem 'bewildering' if you don't understand the 'context'. What exactly is that historical context? Why would people be confused about why he was so angry without it?
2. The text mentions two types of horned deer: Moose and Elk/Stag. Both have 'racks of antlers'. What are the actual differences between a Moose and an Elk in terms of their antlers or size? Why did Jefferson specifically insist on the Moose's horns?
3. The transcript says the Moose skeleton sent by Sullivan 'lacked the imposing horns' that Jefferson had specified, but he 'thoughtfully included a rack of antlers from an elk' instead. Since both are antlers, why couldn't they just say the Moose had horns? What is the deeper implication of using 'instead' here?
4. Buffon was questioning the size of American animals, yet Jefferson sent soldiers to hunt a Moose and send its skeleton to prove the 'majesty of American quarterp its'. Besides refuting the argument, was Jefferson trying to prove that America was culturally or naturally on par with Europe?
5. At the end, it mentions that the 'Mammoth' fossils were 'identified, not quite correctly'. Even though the identification was wrong later, why did people at the time consider the French skepticism 'insubstantial' just because giant animal fossils were found in America?

1 00:00:08,880 --> 00:00:09,840 Not surprisingly, 2 00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:13,760 such aspersions were indignantly met in America. 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:17,740 An aspersion means an unkind remark or an unfair 4 00:00:17,740 --> 00:00:18,320 judgment. 5 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:22,700 To be indignant means to be angry and surprised because 6 00:00:22,700 --> 00:00:25,340 you feel insulted or unfairly treated. 7 00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:29,140 想这样胡说八道,美国人当然坐不住了, 8 00:00:29,200 --> 00:00:30,380 气得都要跳起来。 9 00:00:30,580 --> 00:00:34,100 Thomas Jefferson incorporated a furious and, 10 00:00:34,260 --> 00:00:35,920 unless the context is understood, 11 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:40,920 他在澳大利亚的土地上写了一篇文章, 12 00:00:40,900 --> 00:00:44,920 并指引了他新的朋友,总统约翰西登, 13 00:00:45,120 --> 00:00:49,720 送 20 名军队到南湖,找到能表演的某些动作, 14 00:00:51,140 --> 00:00:55,720 以证明美国文化家的尊严。 15 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:59,100 托马斯杰弗逊是美国的创建父亲, 16 00:00:59,860 --> 00:01:01,760 他也是第三个总统。 17 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:04,160 我记得我给你们看过他的照片。 18 00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:10,540 He incorporated means he included a furious means an 19 00:01:10,540 --> 00:01:14,820 angry re buttal in his book Notes on the State of 20 00:01:14,820 --> 00:01:20,000 Virginia 弗吉尼亚州笔记在这本书里面进行了愤怒的 21 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:23,900 反驳 Unless the context is understood quite 22 00:01:23,900 --> 00:01:28,040 bewildering The context means the circumstance in 23 00:01:28,040 --> 00:01:33,220 which something happens 是背景有事情的来龙去脉除 24 00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:37,380 非你了解这个事情的来龙去脉要不然呢你会觉得他的 25 00:01:37,380 --> 00:01:43,500 这种反驳是如果大家只看到 Thomas Jefferson 在书里 26 00:01:43,500 --> 00:01:46,880 面进行的反驳就会觉得有点困惑 27 00:01:47,460 --> 00:01:51,760 什么是让他这么生气你如果理解了他的这个 context 28 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:54,760 他的来龙去脉你就知道是怎么回事了 29 00:01:55,760 --> 00:01:59,420 除了在书里面反驳他的观点他还 induced his 30 00:01:59,420 --> 00:02:03,880 friendinduced means persuaded 其实这个词我们之前 31 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:09,660 也学过了当时学到法国派遣了一个科考队到秘鲁其中 32 00:02:09,660 --> 00:02:19,570 的一个队员 induced 就是劝说怎么劝也劝不回来那现 33 00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:21,220 在他劝他的这个朋友 34 00:02:23,580 --> 00:02:29,940 派遣 20 个士兵进入北方的森林去猎杀一头公鸣鹿不过 35 00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:35,800 是雄兽也可以就是指公牛这里是指熊的公的这个麋鹿 36 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:40,180 Moose 是北美麋鹿身材非常高大是 37 00:02:40,980 --> 00:02:41,480 这样的 38 00:02:42,290 --> 00:02:46,470 To present to Buff on as proof of the stature and majesty 39 00:02:46,470 --> 00:02:50,810 of American quarterp its 这样做的目的就是把这个麋 40 00:02:50,810 --> 00:02:55,910 鹿送给布丰让他看看你看我们美国的四足动物身材多 41 00:02:55,910 --> 00:03:00,410 么高大魁梧 Quarterp its 大家可能对前面这个前缀还 42 00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:07,970 有点印象他就表示四两足都是 bipedbi 表示二 It 43 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:12,340 took the man two weeks to track down a suitable subject 44 00:03:12,340 --> 00:03:18,380 这些士兵花了两周时间才找到一头合适的对象 The 45 00:03:18,380 --> 00:03:19,360 moose,when shot, 46 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:22,560 unfortunately lacked the imposing horns that 47 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:25,880 Jefferson had specified But Sullivan thoughtfully 48 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:29,960 included a rack of antlers from an elk or stagwith the 49 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:33,780 suggestion that these be attached instead 这 50 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:39,360 支名录呢很遗憾没有 the imposing homes 并没有很威风 51 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:43,560 的那么一对脚 that Jefferson had specified to specify 52 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:47,880 means to state clearly and in detail to specify the 53 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:52,680 amount needed 明确说明所需的数量那 Jefferson had 54 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:57,020 specified 就是 Jefferson 明确指明的明确指出一定要 55 00:03:57,020 --> 00:04:02,320 的那一对脚结果没有那 Sullivan 就想得非常的周到 56 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:06,540 Thoughtfully 是想得很周到的 Included a rack of 57 00:04:06,540 --> 00:04:12,780 antlers from an elk or stag Elk 是另外一种路一种马路 58 00:04:12,780 --> 00:04:18,300 而 stag 指的是普通的公路它们都有非常威风的角 A 59 00:04:18,300 --> 00:04:23,540 rack of antlers Antler 就是指路角 A rack means a pair of 60 00:04:23,540 --> 00:04:27,660 antlers 所以我们用到这个 rack 的时候就不要再用复 61 00:04:27,660 --> 00:04:31,020 数他已经指的是一对脚了 For example, 62 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:33,120 a buck with a handsome rack 63 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:39,620 Sullivan 想得非常的周到他另外准备了一对鹿脚从其 64 00:04:39,620 --> 00:04:43,600 他的鹿身上取了一对鹿脚下来然后建议呢 These be 65 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:47,900 attached instead 他说是把这个鹿脚安装到这个骨架 66 00:04:47,900 --> 00:04:54,040 上去因为当时交通不是那么方便从美洲把这个鹿运到 67 00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:58,820 欧洲的话肯定是骨头运过去的并不是完整的一种之路 68 00:04:58,820 --> 00:05:03,360 Who in France after all would know 那法国人怎么知道呢 69 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:07,970 法国人怎么知道这一对鹿角不是迷路的鹿角呢所以他 70 00:05:07,970 --> 00:05:12,620 们很迫切地想要证明我们美洲的动物也是非常高大雄 71 00:05:12,620 --> 00:05:17,540 壮的在这种情况下他们发现了恐龙的化石但是却没有 72 00:05:17,540 --> 00:05:21,880 引起注意确实是有点 bewildering 有点 puzzling 确实 73 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:23,800 是有点令人难闻呢 74 00:05:25,420 --> 00:05:26,760 Meanwhile in Philadelphia, 75 00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:30,700 Worcester Citynaturally had begun to assemble the 76 00:05:30,700 --> 00:05:34,100 bones of a giant elephant like creatureknown at first 77 00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:36,220 as the Great American Incognito, 78 00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:39,780 but later identified,not quite correctly, 79 00:05:39,940 --> 00:05:43,600 as Memo.同时呢,在费城, 80 00:05:43,740 --> 00:05:45,680 也就是前面说的那个 Wister, 81 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:48,320 就是那个解剖学家所在的城市, 82 00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:56,140 博物学家们开始组装或者说是拼凑一种像是大象的骨 83 00:05:56,140 --> 00:05:56,760 骼化石。 84 00:05:56,760 --> 00:06:01,660 那这种 elephant like creature 类似大象的这个动物 85 00:06:01,660 --> 00:06:06,240 known at first as the great American incognito 原先并 86 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:10,440 不知道它叫什么名字就把它叫做不明身份者 87 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:16,880 incognito 这个词我们看一下副词 incognito 隐姓埋名 88 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:21,340 的 he lived incognito in a village for many years 所以这 89 00:06:21,340 --> 00:06:26,680 个 incognito 这个就是不知名的东西当时就把它叫做 90 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:29,960 The Great American Incarnation but later identified 91 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:34,660 后来它的身份就被揭开了 but not quite correctly 不过 92 00:06:34,660 --> 00:06: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）