第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第5讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说地质年代分代、季、式、阶，那这些单位跟岩石地层里的系、统、阶到底有啥区别呀？是不是名字不一样但意思差不多？
2. 为啥中生代那三个纪（三叠、侏罗、白垩）大家比较熟，而更新世、中新世这些后面的纪名字听起来那么拗口，还全是地名？
3. 讲稿里提到北美的地质学家和欧洲的地质学家对同一个时期的叫法不一样，时间上也只是“大体相交”，这俩到底差多少？能举个具体的例子说明下吗？
4. 为什么同一本教科书或者不同专家对地质时期的划分会不一样？比如有的说七个近代式，有的只分四个，这是咋回事？
5. 如果我不是搞地质专业的，是不是真的像老师说的，这些几百个拗口的地层和时期名字我基本都不用记了？那日常交流中大概需要知道哪些核心的就行？

1. Teacher, the transcript mentions eras, periods, epochs, and ages for time, but also systems, series, and stages for rock layers. What's the actual difference between them? Are they just different names for the same thing?
2. Why are the three Mesozoic periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) so well-known, while the later ones like Pleistocene and Miocene have such awkward names derived from places?
3. The transcript says North American and European geologists use different names for the same periods and their times only 'roughly intersect'. How much do they actually differ? Can you give a specific example?
4. Why do textbooks and experts disagree on geological period divisions? For instance, some authorities say there are seven recent epochs, while others are content with just four. What's going on?
5. If I'm not a geologist, is it true that I basically don't need to memorize these hundreds of awkward names for stages and ages? Which core terms should I actually focus on for daily communication?

1 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:25,880 现在隆统的来说, 2 00:00:26,100 --> 00:00:29,720 地质历史时期可以被分为四个大块, 3 00:00:29,860 --> 00:00:32,220 四个大的时代叫做 Eros, 4 00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:33,480 就是我们称为代。 5 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:39,620 Pre Cambrian 是前韩武纪这个为什么不叫代呢其实这 6 00:00:39,620 --> 00:00:41,080 前面还有远古代、 7 00:00:41,180 --> 00:00:47,420 太古代但是这段时间我们可以笼统地把它称为前韩武 8 00:00:47,420 --> 00:00:52,840 纪时期也就是在 Cambrian 在韩武纪之前的那一些那我 9 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:58,580 们就更细的就不再区分了那接下来是 Paleozoic 是古 10 00:00:58,580 --> 00:01:04,920 生代然后是中生代中生代是 Middle Life 恐龙就是生活 11 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:11,760 在这个中生代接着就是新生代新生代是 recent life 那 12 00:01:12,430 --> 00:01:16,710 这个我认为大家是有必要了解的就是 precambrian 13 00:01:16,750 --> 00:01:21,150 前航母纪然后是 paleozoic 古生代 mesozoic 14 00:01:21,190 --> 00:01:26,090 中生代 senozoic 新生代这些需要了解一下 These 15 00:01:26,410 --> 00:01:30,130 four er as are further divided into any where from a 16 00:01:30,130 --> 00:01:33,430 dozen to twenty subgroups usually called periods 17 00:01:33,430 --> 00:01:35,850 Though sometimes known as systems 18 00:01:36,570 --> 00:01:39,290 那这四个大的历史时期, 19 00:01:39,310 --> 00:01:44,870 就是四个代又进一步被划分成了 a dozen to twenty 20 00:01:44,870 --> 00:01:50,130 subgroups 就是十几二十个更小的时期这些更小的时 21 00:01:50,130 --> 00:01:52,170 期呢,通常叫做 G, 22 00:01:52,470 --> 00:01:56,370 periods 尽管有的时候也会被叫做 systems, 23 00:01:56,370 --> 00:01:56,970 叫做系 24 00:01:57,660 --> 00:02:01,220 Most of these are also reasonably well known 25 00:02:01,220 --> 00:02:02,940 Cretaceous,Jurassic, 26 00:02:03,420 --> 00:02:04,140 Triassic, 27 00:02:04,340 --> 00:02:05,260 Silurian, 28 00:02:05,340 --> 00:02:10,860 and so on 这十几二十个季呢大部分人们都还比较熟悉 29 00:02:10,860 --> 00:02:12,400 Reasonably well known 30 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:15,280 比如说 Cretaceous,Jurassic, 31 00:02:15,700 --> 00:02:16,160 Triassic, 32 00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:17,020 Silurian, 33 00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:21,380 等等尤其是前面的这三个中生代的白鳄季、 34 00:02:21,460 --> 00:02:26,300 侏罗季和三叠季因为这个是恐龙生活的时期很多人对 35 00:02:26,300 --> 00:02:30,320 恐龙感兴趣的话就会了解这三个季 Then 36 00:02:30,860 --> 00:02:34,220 come Lyell's epochs,the Pleistocene, 37 00:02:34,420 --> 00:02:38,260 Miocene,and so on,which apply only to the most recent, 38 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:42,320 but paleont ologically busy 65 million years, 39 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:46,420 and finally we have a mass of finer subdivisions known 40 00:02:46,420 --> 00:02:52,870 as stages,or ages 然后接下来就是莱尔所说的式, 41 00:02:53,090 --> 00:02:58,790 更新式,中新式等的指的是离我们最近的, 42 00:02:58,850 --> 00:03:05,390 the most recent,但也是古生物史上最忙碌的 6500 万年 43 00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:07,510 And finally we have a mass, 44 00:03:07,790 --> 00:03:10,810 a mass means a great amount of, 45 00:03:10,830 --> 00:03:11,970 有一大批的, 46 00:03:12,050 --> 00:03:17,670 一大堆的那最后我们还有一大堆更新一步细分的所谓 47 00:03:17,670 --> 00:03:21,450 的 stages or ages,可以分为阶或者期 48 00:03:23,090 --> 00:03:27,370 most of these are named nearly always awkwardly after 49 00:03:27,370 --> 00:03:32,890 places 所有的这些基本上都是来自地名而且呢, 50 00:03:32,910 --> 00:03:35,930 名字都很拗口比如说 Illinoisan, 51 00:03:36,770 --> 00:03:39,270 Desmondian,Croatian, 52 00:03:39,430 --> 00:03:41,180 Camaradigian, 53 00:03:41,300 --> 00:03:46,020 and so on in like veinve in 等于是血管或者叶脉 54 00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:48,000 所以血管或者叶脉, 55 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:52,120 你可以把它理解为像道路一样 in like way means in a 56 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:56,740 similar way 就是以相似的方式就这样子命名这些名称 57 00:03:56,740 --> 00:03:58,580 呢听过去都是比较 awkward 58 00:03:59,180 --> 00:04:03,500 All together according to John Mc Phee these number in 59 00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:04,840 the tens of dozens 60 00:04:05,420 --> 00:04:10,680 那根据这个 John Mc Phee 的计算所有的这些名称加起来 61 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,920 应该要有 tens of dozenstens of dozens 算起来是多少呢 62 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:19,300 dozens 是十二 tens of dozens 那就是几百个那这个 63 00:04:19,300 --> 00:04:24,820 number 这里我把它标红了因为这个 number 并不是名词 64 00:04:24,820 --> 00:04:31,840 These number in the tens of that dozens 这个是动词意思 65 00:04:31,840 --> 00:04:37,660 是数以百计以什么什么来计算 F 66 00:04:38,870 --> 00:04:39,190 ortunately, 67 00:04:39,550 --> 00:04:42,870 unless you take up geology as a career you are unlikely 68 00:04:42,870 --> 00:04:47,070 ever to hear any of them again 那到这里大家肯定已经很 69 00:04:47,070 --> 00:04:52,190 晕了对这些词但是幸运的是除非你要学地质学专业要 70 00:04:52,190 --> 00:04:56,030 不然你恐怕再也不会听到这些词了那也就是说这些词 71 00:04:56,030 --> 00:04:57,610 我们都没必要去记了 72 00:05:10,180 --> 00:05:15,420 然而事情变得更为混乱更为复杂的是北美的人所说的 73 00:05:15,420 --> 00:05:21,360 接或者期跟欧洲的人说的街或者七用的名字还不一样 74 00:05:21,360 --> 00:05:27,000 而且呢 only roughly intersect in timeintersect 做动 75 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:32,380 词是相交的意思比如说这个交点就是 intersection 在 76 00:05:32,380 --> 00:05:36,720 马路上会看到这样的标志 intersection 就是十字交叉 77 00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:41,160 路口这个是丁字交叉路口就是梯形交叉路口 78 00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:43,000 intersection 不 79 00:05:43,130 --> 00:05:47,910 但是名字不一样时间也只是大体对得上而已大体相交 80 00:05:47,910 --> 00:05:51,030 而已这个 roughly 就表示大体上的 81 00:05:59,460 --> 00:06:05,140 这样呢北 82 00:06:05,300 --> 00:06:10,560 美的人所说的这个 Cincinnati stage 跟欧洲人所说的 83 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:15,540 Asgillian stage 只是大体相当但是又不完全相同 84 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:20,700 应该是 astralian stage 加上先前的 corrid orian stage 85 00:06:20,700 --> 00:06:26,560 的一小部分合起来才大体的等于北美的人所说的 86 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:28,840 cisination stage All 87 00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:32,810 this changes from textbook to textbook, 88 00:06:32,990 --> 00:06:34,390 and from person to person, 89 00:06:34,550 --> 00:06:37,910 so that some authorities describe seven recent 90 00:06:37,910 --> 00:06:41,010 epochs,while others are content with four. 91 00:06:42,110 --> 00:06:47,750 还有每一本教科书上所说的地质时期划分方式也并不 92 00:06:47,750 --> 00:06:52,470 统一就是书跟书之间不一样人跟人之间也不一样就每 93 00:06:52,470 --> 00:06:54,210 个专家说的又不一样 94 00:06:54,940 --> 00:06:58,960 所以呢有一些 authoritiesauthorities 就是指权威人 95 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:03,380 物所以有一些地质学权威认为呢应该有七个近代的事 96 00:07:03,380 --> 00:07:08,260 而其他的专家呢 are content with four 觉得划分成四个 97 00:07:08,260 --> 00:07:12,180 就可以了 content 意思是满足 In 98 00:07:12,500 --> 00:07: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）