第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第3讲S4

1. 老师，讲稿里说达尔文觉得Buckland是个'buffoon'，这词除了指小丑，在形容人的时候还有什么贬义吗？
2. Lyell因为近视严重，看书时总是眯着眼，讲稿里用'squint'来描述这个动作，这个词除了'眯眼'还有别的意思吗？
3. 讲稿提到Lyell虽然没读过Hutton的原著，却是'keen student' of Playfair's version，这里的'keen'具体表达了什么样的学习状态？
4. 为什么讲稿里说灾变论（Catastrophism）和水城论（Neptunism）经常被'wrongly bundled together'？这两个理论到底有什么区别？
5. Lyell的均变论（Uniformitarianism）和灾变论（Catastrophism）在解释地球形成时，核心观点的根本分歧是什么？

1. Teacher, the transcript says Darwin thought Buckland was a 'buffoon'. Besides meaning a clown, what other derogatory connotations does this word have when describing a person?
2. Lyell had severe myopia and always squinted when reading. The transcript uses 'squint' to describe this action. Does this word have other meanings besides 'squinting'?
3. The transcript mentions that although Lyell hadn't read Hutton's original work, he was a 'keen student' of Playfair's version. What specific learning attitude does 'keen' express here?
4. Why does the transcript say Catastrophism and Neptunism are often 'wrongly bundled together'? What is the actual difference between these two theories?
5. What is the fundamental difference in core viewpoints between Lyell's Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism regarding the formation of the Earth?

1 00:00:05,460 --> 00:00:07,900 Charles Darwin thought Buckland a buffoon. 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:09,620 That was the word he used. 3 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,540 But Lyell appeared to find him inspiring, 4 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,060 and liked him well enough to go touring with him in 5 00:00:16,060 --> 00:00:17,760 Scotland in 1824. 6 00:00:18,640 --> 00:00:20,940 Buffoon 这个词我们以前见过, 7 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:22,020 还记得这张图吗? 8 00:00:22,180 --> 00:00:25,460 我当时就用这张照片来解释这个 buffoon, 9 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:26,720 就小丑的意思。 10 00:00:27,180 --> 00:00:31,180 Charles Darwin 就是著名的达尔文提出进化论的这个 11 00:00:31,180 --> 00:00:34,580 达尔文,他觉得 Buckland 简直就是个小丑。 12 00:00:35,940 --> 00:00:39,820 但是 Lyle 却很喜欢他,觉得他对自己很有启发, 13 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:43,460 还跟他一起到苏格兰去进行田野考察。 14 00:00:43,860 --> 00:00:48,320 It was soon after this trip that Lyle decided to abandon 15 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:52,460 a career in law and devote himself to geology full time. 16 00:00:53,610 --> 00:00:57,270 正是在这次的苏格兰之行以后不久, 17 00:00:57,430 --> 00:01:02,990 Lyle 才决定 abandon a career in law.to abandon means to 18 00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,030 give up a career means a job or professionespecially 19 00:01:07,030 --> 00:01:11,290 one you are going to do for a long time 职业他 20 00:01:11,420 --> 00:01:15,760 决定放弃自己法律方面的职业可能他本来想成为一个 21 00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:20,220 律师现在彻底放弃了这个想法 and devote himself to 22 00:01:20,220 --> 00:01:24,820 geology full time 把自己的全部时间都投入到地质学 23 00:01:24,820 --> 00:01:30,340 Lyle was extremely short sighted and went through most 24 00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:30,980 of his life 25 00:01:35,080 --> 00:01:44,940 他近视很严重一辈子几乎都痛苦的眯着眼睛看东西 26 00:01:45,900 --> 00:01:53,240 Squint 有两个意思一个是斜眼看一个是眯着眼睛看那 27 00:01:53,240 --> 00:01:58,120 因为他是近视所以应该是眯着眼睛而不是斜着眼睛那 28 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:00,720 这种表情看过去就很痛苦的样子 29 00:02:03,280 --> 00:02:07,340 这使他看起来好像一副愁眉苦脸的样子 30 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:16,120 到最后他就全部失明了完全看不见东西 31 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:39,890 peculiar 就是特别独特的那么 his other slight 32 00:02:39,890 --> 00:02:46,400 peculiarity 就是指他还有一个小小的独特之处那就 33 00:02:46,400 --> 00:02:50,110 是他有这么一个习惯 when distracted by 34 00:02:50,110 --> 00:02:54,890 thoughtdistract 这个词我们在讲到牛顿的时候也用 35 00:02:54,890 --> 00:02:59,210 过这个词牛顿就是这样的经常是被 distracted by 36 00:02:59,210 --> 00:03:04,530 thoughtdistract 是指被分散注意力的意思比如说本 37 00:03:04,530 --> 00:03:10,750 来正在走路但是脑子却想到一些科学的问题 of taking 38 00:03:10,750 --> 00:03:16,490 up 这个 of 是跟在 hab it 后面的 the habit of taking up 39 00:03:16,490 --> 00:03:21,260 improbable positionstaking up positions 就是做出什 40 00:03:21,260 --> 00:03:25,790 么样的姿势 improbable means very unlikely 41 00:03:26,430 --> 00:03:31,650 不太可能的看起来都不像真的有人会能做出这样的动 42 00:03:31,650 --> 00:03:37,170 作就让人觉得都很难想象的 on furniture 这个 43 00:03:37,170 --> 00:03:41,210 finiture 一般就是指他坐的椅子了到底 44 00:03:42,460 --> 00:03:48,300 是什么样的呢 lying across two chairs at once 例如同时 45 00:03:48,300 --> 00:03:52,120 横躺在两张椅子上 or 46 00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:59,160 resting his head on the seat of a chair 把头靠在椅面上 47 00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:05,700 while standing up 可是人却是站得直直的不知是怎样 48 00:04:05,700 --> 00:04:10,180 做到的所以这里才用 improbable 这个词 to 49 00:04:10,250 --> 00:04:14,720 quote his friend Darwin 就是引号里的这些句子就是他 50 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:22,740 的朋友阿文原话他就是这样形容他的 often when lost 51 00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:25,940 in thought he would slink so low in a chair 52 00:04:34,780 --> 00:04:38,460 当他想事情想到忘我的境界的时候 53 00:04:42,340 --> 00:04:47,720 当他坐在椅子上的时候他就一直往下滑滑到什么程度 54 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:47,920 呢 55 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:58,040 就是屁股都差点碰到地板了 56 00:05:01,170 --> 00:05:05,890 Lyle's only real job in life was as professor of geology 57 00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:13,760 at King's College in London from 1831 to 1833 Lyle 一生 58 00:05:13,760 --> 00:05:20,280 中唯一的一次真正的工作是在 1831 年到 1833 年间在伦 59 00:05:20,280 --> 00:05:26,200 敦大学国王学院担任地质学教授所谓 real job in life 60 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:32,400 应该是指有赚工资的这种就是真正意义上的职业可 61 00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:37,270 见他真是非常有钱大部分时间都不需要工作的都是自 62 00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:39,660 己想做什么就做什么 It 63 00:05:40,780 --> 00:05:44,220 was around this time that he produced The Principles of 64 00:05:44,220 --> 00:05:49,060 Geologypublished in three volumes between 1830 and 65 00:05:49,060 --> 00:05:54,080 1833which in many ways consolidated and elaborated 66 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:57,980 upon the thoughts first voiced by Hutton a generation 67 00:05:57,980 --> 00:06:02,040 earlier 就是在这段时间里面他写出了 68 00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:06,660 地质学原理这本书以三卷本的形式出版 69 00:06:14,280 --> 00:06:19,400 我们可以看到中间这个 solid 这个词大家可能见过 70 00:06:19,400 --> 00:06:25,100 solid 是固体的意思也有牢固的意思那么 consolidate 71 00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:29,140 意思就是加强强化 And elaborate, 72 00:06:29,580 --> 00:06:32,900 to elaborate upon something means to explain 73 00:06:32,900 --> 00:06:36,460 something in detail 详细的解释, 74 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:40,520 详细的论述 Voiced by Hutton, 75 00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:48,280 voice 就是首次由他提出的他的这本书是强化并解释 76 00:06:48,280 --> 00:06:53,480 了之前 Hutton 提出的观点 Although Lyle never read 77 00:06:53,480 --> 00:06:56,580 Hutton in the original He was a keen student of 78 00:06:56,580 --> 00:07:00,780 Playfair's reworked version 虽然 Lyle 从来没有读过 79 00:07:00,780 --> 00:07:05,400 Hatt on 本人写的原著但是 He was a keen student of 80 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:10,280 Playfair's reworked version 就是他的简写本他重新 81 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:14,880 写的那个版本他是很认真的读了 A keen student of 82 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:19,280 something 这个 student 不要理解为我们通常意义上坐 83 00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:24,280 在教室里的那种学生他表示某一个方面的学习者就叫 84 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,900 student 比如说 a student of history 就是指研究学习历 85 00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:35,670 史的人那这个人的身份未必就是在校的学生而 king 就 86 00:07:35,670 --> 00:07:40,720 是指特别热切特别认真特别渴望的这种心态去学习的 87 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:42,200 学生叫 king student 88 00:07:43,410 --> 00:07:48,510 他虽然没有看过 Hart on 的原著但是他非常认真的学习 89 00:07:48,510 --> 00:07:51,690 了 Playfair 改写的那个版本 Today 90 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:54,580 we have learned about three geologists James 91 00:07:54,580 --> 00:07:56,580 Parkinson,Charles Lyell, 92 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）