第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第7讲S2

1. 讲稿里提到Hudson计算山的质量时用了 educated guess，这跟 wild guess 到底有啥区别？为啥说它只是‘相当于是’猜测而不是精确数据？
2. 文中说Michelle是country person且地位humble，但为什么又说他是伟大的科学思想家？humble这个词除了指地位低，还能怎么理解？
3. 讲稿里对比了visualize和envision，这两个词都有‘看’的意思，但在描述未来可能发生的事情时，用哪个更准确？
4. 为什么William Herschel明明是英国天文学家，文中却特意强调他是German born？这跟当时的历史背景有啥关系？
5. Michelle教Herschel做望远镜这个举动，文中说planetary science have been in his debt ever since，这个in one's debt是字面意思欠钱吗？

1. The transcript mentions Hudson used an 'educated guess' to calculate the mountain's mass. What's the real difference between that and a 'wild guess', and why is it considered just a guess rather than precise data?
2. The text says Michelle was a country person with a humble status, yet calls him a great scientific thinker. Besides meaning low social status, how else should we understand 'humble' here?
3. The transcript contrasts 'visualize' and 'envision', both related to seeing. When describing something that might happen in the future, which one is more accurate?
4. Why does the text specifically emphasize William Herschel as 'German born' when he was actually a British astronomer? How does this relate to the historical context?
5. The text says planetary science has 'been in his debt ever since' Michelle taught Herschel how to make telescopes. Does 'in one's debt' literally mean owing money here?

1 00:00:20,100 --> 00:00:23,160 其实这个实验是存在着 shortcoming, 2 00:00:23,340 --> 00:00:25,940 也就是弱点,缺点,硬伤的。 3 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:30,860 那就是,他们实际上只是测出了这座山的体积, 4 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:35,760 然后再把山的体积乘以山的密度得出山的质量。 5 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:40,120 但问题是,山的实际密度是不知道的, 6 00:00:40,180 --> 00:00:42,260 the actual density of the mountain, 7 00:00:42,460 --> 00:00:43,780 实际的密度。 8 00:00:44,100 --> 00:00:46,520 那由于不知道山的实际密度, 9 00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:49,980 那么 it was not possible to get a truly accurate figure, 10 00:00:50,180 --> 00:00:53,820 也就不可能得出一个真正精确的数字, 11 00:00:53,900 --> 00:00:58,100 这个 figure 这个数字指的是山的质量这个数字。 12 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:01,440 既然山的质量都不是精确的, 13 00:01:01,500 --> 00:01:06,320 那么据此推算的太阳、月亮等其他天体的质量, 14 00:01:06,540 --> 00:01:08,720 当然也就不精确了 15 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:23,820 为了计 16 00:01:24,340 --> 00:01:31,320 算方便 Hudson 假定山的密度跟普通的石头的密度一样 17 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:39,900 就跟普通的石头密度一样也就是大概是水的密度的 2. 18 00:01:40,060 --> 00:01:45,740 5 倍 that of water 这个 that 指的就是 density 就是 2. 19 00:01:46,060 --> 00:01:50,880 5 times the density of water but this was little more 20 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:55,660 than an educated guess 但这实际上只是一个根据实际 21 00:01:55,660 --> 00:02:01,200 经验做出的猜测 little more than is a bit like no more 22 00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:03,280 than 相当于是 merely 23 00:02:03,740 --> 00:02:09,380 仅仅是这仅仅是一个 educated guess An educated guess 24 00:02:09,380 --> 00:02:13,660 is based on a certain amount of experience or knowledge 25 00:02:13,660 --> 00:02:15,960 and therefore is likely to be correct, 26 00:02:16,180 --> 00:02:20,800 but not very accurate The opposite of an educated guess 27 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:24,240 is a wild guess 如果是 wild guess, 28 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:26,380 那就是没有任何的依据了, 29 00:02:26,420 --> 00:02:28,080 瞎蒙 One 30 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:33,820 improbable seeming person who turned his mind to the 31 00:02:33,820 --> 00:02:34,120 matter 32 00:02:41,700 --> 00:02:42,300 有 33 00:02:42,870 --> 00:02:48,150 一个看起来非常不可能把自己的精力放在这个事件上 34 00:02:48,150 --> 00:02:52,710 的人是一个 country person 一个乡村教区的牧师 35 00:02:59,770 --> 00:03:07,240 他住在一个名叫 Fong Hill 的在约克郡的一个村庄这个 36 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:11,460 约克我们见过多次了在英国历史上是一个非常重要的 37 00:03:11,460 --> 00:03:11,840 地名 38 00:03:13,020 --> 00:03:17,340 这个村庄的名字说起来有点意思因为我们如果把它拆 39 00:03:17,340 --> 00:03:23,520 开的话 Fong 是次荆棘 Hill 就是山不知道是不是山上长 40 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:28,970 着很多的荆棘 Despite his remote and comparatively 41 00:03:28,970 --> 00:03:32,590 humble situation Michelle was one of the great 42 00:03:32,590 --> 00:03:36,810 scientific thinkers of the 18th century and much 43 00:03:36,810 --> 00:03:39,430 esteemed for it 尽 44 00:03:39,810 --> 00:03:45,090 管 Michelle 生活的地方是非常的偏远 remote 又一次见 45 00:03:45,090 --> 00:03:48,790 到了而且她仅仅只是一个 country 46 00:03:49,820 --> 00:03:54,800 person 就是一个村庄的教区牧师这个地位不是非常的 47 00:03:54,800 --> 00:04:01,510 显赫所以说它是 humblehumble means having a low 48 00:04:01,510 --> 00:04:04,250 social class or position or insignificant 49 00:04:04,830 --> 00:04:10,000 就是地位比较卑微的微不足道的 comparatively 这个 50 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:12,160 词的意思是相对而言 51 00:04:12,810 --> 00:04:16,890 我们可以看一下它的动词是 comp are 就是比较就跟其 52 00:04:16,890 --> 00:04:21,190 他的科学家比较起来因为其他很多科学家都是贵族所 53 00:04:21,190 --> 00:04:25,570 以它就显得比较 humble 就是地位比较卑微 humble 这个 54 00:04:25,570 --> 00:04:29,970 词如果形容人的话还有一个意思就是谦 55 00:04:30,130 --> 00:04:36,190 卑的谦逊 a modest and humble man 就是指非常谦逊的人 56 00:04:36,190 --> 00:04:39,550 但尽管如此 Michelle was one of the greatest 57 00:04:39,550 --> 00:04:45,610 scientific thinkers 她是 18 世纪最伟大的科学思想家 58 00:04:45,610 --> 00:04:50,070 之一 and much esteemed for itmuch esteemed means much 59 00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:56,090 respectedesteem means respect 它既是名词也是动词, 60 00:04:56,190 --> 00:05:00,390 比如我们说的 self esteem 是自尊心的意思。 61 00:05:25,870 --> 00:05:32,060 among a great deal of else 这里就说明他的成就他的贡 62 00:05:32,060 --> 00:05:36,180 献是非常多的在这些众多的贡献之中呢他 63 00:05:36,180 --> 00:05:43,280 perceivedconductedenvisioned 这三个动词都是并列 64 00:05:43,280 --> 00:05:48,440 的谓语表示他做出的贡献首先是 perceived the wave 65 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:53,040 like nature of earthquakesperceived 指的是感知感觉 66 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:55,600 到他认识到地 67 00:05:56,040 --> 00:06:02,080 震具有波的性质 wave like 就是类似波像波一样的 68 00:06:02,530 --> 00:06:08,050 认为地震是一种波 conducted much original research 69 00:06:08,050 --> 00:06:14,200 into magnetism and gravityoriginal 是独串性的串心 70 00:06:14,200 --> 00:06:17,120 性的以前别人没有做过的在 71 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:23,340 磁力和重力方面开展了许多具有串心性的研究而且呢 72 00:06:23,340 --> 00:06:27,440 很不同寻常的是 He envisioned the possibility of 73 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:32,620 black holes200 years before anyone else 他要比别人早 74 00:06:32,620 --> 00:06:38,680 200 年预计到黑洞的存在 A leap of intuitive deduction 75 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:44,100 that not even Newton could make 这样依据直觉进行的推 76 00:06:44,100 --> 00:06:48,460 断连牛顿都做不到我们 77 00:06:48,650 --> 00:06:53,140 现在来看一下一些词汇比如这个 envisioned 我们在第 78 00:06:53,140 --> 00:06:58,350 一章的时候学过一个词是 visualize 这两个词有相似 79 00:06:58,350 --> 00:07:03,830 之处那就是它们的词根都是一样的都是表示视觉看到 80 00:07:03,830 --> 00:07:07,870 but to visualize means to form a picture of someone or 81 00:07:07,870 --> 00:07:12,810 something in your mind to imaginewhile envision means 82 00:07:12,810 --> 00:07:16,190 to imagine something that you think might happen in the 83 00:07:16,190 --> 00:07:18,730 futureespecially something that you think will be 84 00:07:18,730 --> 00:07:20,350 good The 85 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:23,820 difference between envision and visualize is 86 00:07:23,820 --> 00:07:27,820 thatenvision is used in the case of a predicted event 87 00:07:27,820 --> 00:07:31,860 something that may happen in the future Leap 88 00:07:31,880 --> 00:07:37,700 本意是跳跃但是它经常有很多的隐身意比如说 look 89 00:07:37,700 --> 00:07:42,160 before you leap 在你跳跃之前你要看清楚周围的情况 90 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:48,560 那就是三思而后行 A leap in the dark 周 91 00:07:48,910 --> 00:07:53,490 围黑洞洞的可是你还是贸然跳了出去这就是一个冒险 92 00:07:53,490 --> 00:07:58,060 的行动这两个都是固定的俗语了 He 93 00:07:58,320 --> 00:08:02,26 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）