第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第6讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说这次金星凌日的观测是 'inconclusive'，那 'conclusive' 和 'inconclusive' 到底有啥区别？为啥说这次观测没起到啥作用？
2. 好望角这个名字挺有意思的，它以前叫 'Cape of Storms'（风暴角），后来为啥要改成 'Cape of Good Hope'（好望角）呢？这名字背后有啥故事？
3. 讲稿里提到 'outcrop' 是指露出地面的岩石，而 'crop up' 是突然出现的意思。这两个词长得这么像，但一个是名词一个是动词短语，它们之间到底有啥联系？
4. 马斯基林（Maskelyne）本来要去观测金星凌日，结果被 'thwarted by cloud cover'（被云层阻挠）了。'thwart' 这个词除了表示阻挠，平时还能咋用？
5. 最后讲到梅森和迪克森去美洲荒野测绘时，讲稿特意解释那时候美国还没成立，所以 'American wilderness' 得翻译成 '美洲的荒野' 而不是 '美国的荒野'。这是为啥？

1. What's the difference between 'conclusive' and 'inconclusive'? Why was the observation considered inconclusive?
2. Why was the Cape of Good Hope originally named 'Cape of Storms', and what's the story behind the name change?
3. How are 'outcrop' and 'crop up' related? One is a noun and the other is a phrasal verb, right?
4. Maskelyne was 'thwarted by cloud cover'. Besides preventing something, how else is 'thwart' commonly used?
5. Why does the text specify that 'American wilderness' refers to the Americas and not the USA, given that the US wasn't established yet?

1 00:00:06,540 --> 00:00:08,360 Chastened,they sailed sailed on, 2 00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:12,900 but en route word reached them that Sumatra had fallen 3 00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:13,620 to the French, 4 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:17,600 and so they observed the transit inconclusively from 5 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:18,740 the Cape of Good Hope. 6 00:00:19,790 --> 00:00:24,250 To chasten someone means to punish or scold someone so 7 00:00:24,250 --> 00:00:25,970 that he or she behaves well. 8 00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:30,510 Chastened 这里指的是被斥责了一通, 9 00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:33,810 被骂了一通以后,这两个人只好继续航行。 10 00:00:33,810 --> 00:00:38,750 but en routeen route means on the way 这是法语所以发音 11 00:00:38,750 --> 00:00:39,910 跟英语有所不同 12 00:00:40,470 --> 00:00:44,890 在路上的时候 word reached them it means news reached 13 00:00:44,890 --> 00:00:45,250 them 14 00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:51,730 消息传来消息的内容就是 that 引导的同位语重句也就 15 00:00:51,730 --> 00:00:54,230 是 Sumatra had fallen to the French 16 00:00:54,910 --> 00:01:00,850 苏门达拉岛被法国人占领了当时法国跟英国正在打仗 17 00:01:00,850 --> 00:01:05,490 所以苏门达纳被法国人占领以后这两个英国人就无法 18 00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:08,430 前往了 And so they observed the transit 19 00:01:08,430 --> 00:01:12,090 inconclusively from the Cape of Good Hope The 20 00:01:12,190 --> 00:01:15,570 Cape of Good Hope is here It's almost the southern most 21 00:01:15,570 --> 00:01:16,490 point of Africa 22 00:01:17,430 --> 00:01:23,210 只好在好望角进行临日的观测但是这次的观测是 23 00:01:23,210 --> 00:01:28,630 inconclusive 我们先看 conclude 是下结论 conclusion 24 00:01:28,630 --> 00:01:34,010 大家比较熟悉就是名词结论的意思而 conclusive 呢是 25 00:01:34,010 --> 00:01:40,250 形容词指的是具有决定性作用的能够起到结论性的效 26 00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:40,710 果的 27 00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:45,200 比如说 conclusive evidence 这样的一个证据 28 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:48,880 conclusive evidence 具有结论性的证据就是有了这个 29 00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:53,540 证据以后就足以给某一个事件定性就不需要再有其他 30 00:01:53,540 --> 00:01:55,360 的证据这一个就够了 31 00:01:56,480 --> 00:02:00,760 那 inconclusive 就说明他们的这次观测并没有起到多 32 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:01,460 大的作用 33 00:02:04,010 --> 00:02:07,890 The Cape of Good Hope 我们再看一下这个 The first 34 00:02:07,890 --> 00:02:12,820 European to reach the Cape was a Portuguese explorer 第 35 00:02:12,820 --> 00:02:17,490 一次到达这个 Cape of Good Hope 的欧洲人是一位葡萄牙 36 00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:22,150 的探险家 He was caught in a storm here So he named this 37 00:02:22,150 --> 00:02:28,460 place the Cape of Storm Later the king of Portugal 葡萄 38 00:02:28,460 --> 00:02:33,840 牙国王 Changed the name to Cape of Good Hopebecause it 39 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,920 indicates a good hope that once you rounded this cape 40 00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:42,420 you might be able to find a sea route to India 所以好望角 41 00:02:42,420 --> 00:02:44,000 这个名称是这么来的 42 00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:53,860 这张图是达加玛从葡萄牙绕好望角前往印度的航线图 43 00:02:53,860 --> 00:02:54,620 On 44 00:02:56,990 --> 00:02:59,570 the way home they stopped on the lonely Atlantic 45 00:02:59,570 --> 00:03:01,310 outcrop of St Helena 46 00:03:07,850 --> 00:03:08,330 在 47 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:15,140 回去的路上他们在 Saint Helena 这个大西洋的岛上停 48 00:03:15,140 --> 00:03:15,760 留了一下 49 00:03:16,490 --> 00:03:21,630 outcrop 这个词我们不妨看一下它的动词 crop 可以跟 50 00:03:21,630 --> 00:03:25,630 许多的副词合在一起形成词组比如说 crop up 51 00:03:28,910 --> 00:03:34,170 出现问题的时候要冷静 crop up means appear or 52 00:03:34,170 --> 00:03:40,190 ariserocks often crop out in a field 这个 crop out 表示 53 00:03:40,190 --> 00:03:42,350 露出来露出地面 54 00:03:43,420 --> 00:03:49,480 那把这个 crop out 反过来写合起来就变成 outcrop 这就 55 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:55,180 变成了一个名词 outcrop 就是指露出地面的岩石就像 56 00:03:55,180 --> 00:03:57,140 这张图上表现的那样 57 00:03:58,310 --> 00:04:01,430 那这个 Saint Helena is in fact an island 58 00:04:01,970 --> 00:04:07,110 这个岛呢实际上就是露出水面的岩石所以也可以叫 59 00:04:07,110 --> 00:04:07,830 outcrop 60 00:04:08,450 --> 00:04:13,310 这个 Saint Helena 是一个著名的岛虽然不大它之所以 61 00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:19,510 著名呢是因为拿破仑兵败以后曾经囚禁在这里圣赫勒 62 00:04:19,510 --> 00:04:20,030 拿岛 63 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:22,840 where they met mescaline 64 00:04:23,300 --> 00:04:27,860 在这儿他们遇到了马斯基林 mescaline 大家还记得他 65 00:04:27,860 --> 00:04:28,860 吗这个 mescaline 66 00:04:29,380 --> 00:04:34,860 我们在上一课里面说过他是要准备给地球称体重但是 67 00:04:34,860 --> 00:04:40,760 呢要找到要先找到一个形状非常规则的高山叫谁去勘 68 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:44,980 探呢他想到了一个人就是 Mason 那就是因为这个 Mason 69 00:04:44,980 --> 00:04:49,580 和这个 M asculine 曾经在精心灵智的观测中合作过 70 00:04:50,470 --> 00:04:56,710 所以这个故事呢就从地球体重的测量慢慢的就开始 71 00:04:57,350 --> 00:05:03,160 伸出一个旁支开始讲精心灵智的观测现在呢又开始慢 72 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:04,370 慢地要绕回来了 73 00:05:04,970 --> 00:05:10,070 这两个故事就是由 M askelyne 跟 Mason 这两个人连接在 74 00:05:10,070 --> 00:05:14,510 一起的大家可以观察到这个作者讲故事的方式 75 00:05:19,910 --> 00:05:20,350 马 76 00:05:21,150 --> 00:05:25,830 斯基林这个 M askelyne 他的观测活动也不是很也一点 77 00:05:25,830 --> 00:05:30,480 都不顺利他是被 thwarted by cloud coverthwarted 指的 78 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:35,270 是被挫败被阻挠 to thwart means to prevent someone 79 00:05:35,270 --> 00:05:37,350 from doing what they are trying to do 80 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:44,400 那他遇到什么呢是一朵云本来晴空望里的很好但是就 81 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:51,380 在金星零日发生的时候一朵云飘过来挡住了太阳就 82 00:05:51,420 --> 00:05:56,660 挡了那么一段时间等到金星零日结束的时候这朵云就 83 00:05:56,660 --> 00:06:03,010 飘走了所以运气实在是不好 Mason and Maskely formed a 84 00:06:03,010 --> 00:06:06,630 solid friendship and spent several happy and possibly 85 00:06:06,630 --> 00:06:12,040 even mildly useful weekscharting tidal flows Mason 和 86 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:16,300 M askely 这两个人就形成了 solid friendshipsolid 表 87 00:06:16,300 --> 00:06:17,620 示牢固的 88 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:23,290 稳固的这个词做名词的时候是固体的意思做形容词就 89 00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:25,420 是牢固的他们 90 00:06:26,060 --> 00:06:28,340 spent several happy weeks 91 00:06:31,220 --> 00:06:35,820 我们先把这个插入语先把它拿掉就变成 spend several 92 00:06:35,820 --> 00:06:44,300 happy weeks 他们度过了非常快乐的几个星期在那儿测 93 00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:50,240 绘这个潮汐图 title 是形容词它的名字是 tide 就是潮 94 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,800 汐现在我们再来看刚才丢出去的这个插入语就是 95 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,680 possibly even mildly useful 96 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）