第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第5讲

1. 讲稿里说法国人选安第斯山脉是因为那里视线好，但后面又说那里经常云雾缭绕，这俩说法是不是矛盾了？他们到底是怎么做测量的？
2. 老师，'terrain' 和 'landscape' 看起来很像，讲稿里说秘鲁人把那片地方叫 'Much Accidentato'，这两个词在描述地形时具体有啥区别呀？
3. 'Hack their way through jungles' 里的 'hack' 是砍的意思，但 'ford' 是涉水过河。这两个动作在野外探险中代表的困难程度一样吗？还是说一个比另一个更难？
4. 为什么法国科学家非要跑去赤道和两极分别测量，不能直接在巴黎或者随便找个地方测一下就算了吗？牛顿那个理论到底哪里需要实地验证？
5. 最后那两个法国人花了九年半时间，结果发现别人早就测出结果了，还跟自己原本想证明的相反。这种‘白忙活’的经历对科学研究有啥特殊的意义吗？

1. The script says they chose the Andes for good sight lines, but then mentions it was often cloudy. Isn't that contradictory? How did they actually conduct the surveying?
2. 'Terrain' and 'landscape' seem similar. The script mentions Peruvians call the area 'Much Accidentato'. What's the specific difference between these two words when describing the ground?
3. 'Hack their way through jungles' uses 'hack' (to cut), while 'ford' means crossing a river. Do these two actions represent the same level of difficulty in the wild, or is one harder than the other?
4. Why did the French scientists need to measure at the equator and the poles separately? Why couldn't they just measure somewhere like Paris? What exactly about Newton's theory needed on-site verification?
5. The two French scientists spent nearly a decade only to find out someone else had already finished the job and their original hypothesis was wrong. What's the significance of such a 'futile' experience for scientific research?

1 00:00:11,310 --> 00:00:12,690 In the previous lesson, 2 00:00:12,870 --> 00:00:15,930 the author explained to us that all previous 3 00:00:15,930 --> 00:00:19,130 measurements of the Earth meridian were made on the 4 00:00:19,130 --> 00:00:22,290 assumption that the Earth was a perfect sphere. 5 00:00:23,190 --> 00:00:25,350 But then Newton said it was not. 6 00:00:26,220 --> 00:00:30,160 That was why the French Academy of Science organized a 7 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:32,260 field trip to take new measurements. 8 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:36,500 But why did they choose the Andes in South America? 9 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:39,430 Here we go.They 10 00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:44,090 chose the Andes because they needed to measure near the 11 00:00:44,090 --> 00:00:47,750 equator to determine if there really was a difference 12 00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:50,910 in sphericity there and 13 00:00:51,230 --> 00:00:54,430 because they reasoned that mountains would give them 14 00:00:54,430 --> 00:00:55,470 good sight lines 15 00:00:56,590 --> 00:01:02,570 他们选择了安地斯山脉那是因为他们需要在赤道附近 16 00:01:02,570 --> 00:01:04,550 进行测量是 17 00:01:04,900 --> 00:01:11,340 为了确定赤道附近的球面跟其他地方是否真的有不同 18 00:01:11,340 --> 00:01:12,460 还有 19 00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:18,970 一个原因就是 they reasoned thatreason 指的是进行推 20 00:01:18,970 --> 00:01:23,090 理判断进行逻辑的推理判断他们 21 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:28,620 得出的结论是在山上恐怕视线会比较好 in 22 00:01:28,650 --> 00:01:33,250 fact the mountains of Peru was so constantly lost in 23 00:01:33,250 --> 00:01:37,510 cloud that the team often had to wait weeks for an hour's 24 00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:43,770 clear surveying 但事实并非如此比如的山区 So 25 00:01:43,770 --> 00:01:49,130 constantly lost in cloudconstantly means often 往往 26 00:01:49,130 --> 00:01:51,470 是笼罩在云雾之中 27 00:01:52,070 --> 00:01:56,370 导致这个团队 Often had to wait weeks for an hour's 28 00:01:56,370 --> 00:02:01,870 clear surveyingsurvey 这是动词中音在后面如果是名 29 00:02:01,870 --> 00:02:07,250 词的话应该读作 survey 动词读作 survey to 30 00:02:07,350 --> 00:02:12,210 survey means to examine and measuresurveying 就变成 31 00:02:12,210 --> 00:02:15,410 名词了它是动名词观测比如 32 00:02:15,860 --> 00:02:19,280 山区往往是云雾笼罩这个 33 00:02:19,340 --> 00:02:24,880 团队往往要等上好几个星期才有一个小时可以进行清 34 00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:26,660 晰的测量 on 35 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:32,340 top of that they have selected one of the most nearly 36 00:02:32,340 --> 00:02:35,440 impossible terrains on earth on 37 00:02:35,640 --> 00:02:37,700 top of that means in addition 38 00:02:38,260 --> 00:02:45,220 除此之外他们其实是选择了地球上最糟糕最难以对付 39 00:02:45,220 --> 00:02:48,480 的地形 impossible means 40 00:02:48,510 --> 00:02:52,470 extremely difficult to deal with or tolerate 41 00:02:53,010 --> 00:02:56,410 for examplean impossible situation 42 00:02:56,930 --> 00:03:02,610 一个棘手的状况 or those children were impossible 这 43 00:03:02,610 --> 00:03:08,760 些小屁孩太难对付了太难管了 terrains Terrains 是地 44 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:10,100 形 It 45 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:14,640 was obvious that David knew the terrain very well 显然 46 00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,800 David 非常熟悉这里的地形好, 47 00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:23,540 现在他们选择的地形是 Impossible terrains 是最难对 48 00:03:23,540 --> 00:03:28,980 付的地形 Peruvians refer to their landscape as Mere 49 00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:33,420 accidentato Much accidented And this it most 50 00:03:33,420 --> 00:03:39,570 certainly is Peruvians 指的是秘鲁人他们当地人把这 51 00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:45,020 个区域称为 Mu Accidentato 这是他们当地的语言也就 52 00:03:45,020 --> 00:03:46,120 是西班牙语 53 00:03:46,820 --> 00:03:51,120 用英文来说就是 Much Accident 事故多发的 54 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:57,000 多事故的 And this it most certainly is 这里大家不妨暂 55 00:03:57,000 --> 00:04:02,590 停一下视频想一下这个 this 指的是什么 it 指的又是什 56 00:04:02,590 --> 00:04:03,680 么 This 57 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:12,130 就是 Much Accident it 指的是 their landscape 整 58 00:04:13,340 --> 00:04:17,500 个句子按正常的顺序是这样的就是 their landscape 59 00:04:17,500 --> 00:04:18,780 most 60 00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:26,140 certainly is much accident 这个地区确 61 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:28,940 实是事故多发地段 The 62 00:04:30,380 --> 00:04:33,780 French had not only to scale some of the world's most 63 00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:37,280 challenging mountainsmountains that defeated even 64 00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:37,920 their mirrors 65 00:04:53,340 --> 00:04:56,140 我们先看这个句子里的细节的地方 66 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:09,540 As parents, 67 00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:14,560 usually a mural's mother is a horse and father is a 68 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:14,920 donkey. 69 00:05:15,280 --> 00:05:19,850 Mural is very hard working and very strong.Ford, 70 00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:21,110 wild rivers. 71 00:05:21,430 --> 00:05:22,500 Ford, 72 00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:27,200 it means a shallow place in a river where you can walk 73 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:27,540 across. 74 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:34,340 It can also mean crossing a river at a ford.它既可以是 75 00:05:34,340 --> 00:05:39,680 名词指的是河流里边水比较浅的可以涉水而过的地方 76 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:45,180 也可以做动词就表示涉水而过这个动作 to cross a 77 00:05:45,180 --> 00:05:47,420 river at a ford 说 78 00:05:47,520 --> 00:05:52,240 起这个词呢不知道大家有没有想到 Oxford Oxford is a 79 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:53,300 city near London 80 00:05:54,020 --> 00:05:55,160 这是一个地名 81 00:05:55,700 --> 00:05:59,800 一般来说地名都是英译的比如说 Lond on 82 00:05:59,820 --> 00:06:06,630 伦敦可是 Oxford 显然不是音译其实它是意义 Oxford 可 83 00:06:06,630 --> 00:06:13,110 以分成两部分一个是 Ox 还有一个就是 Ford Ox 不就是牛 84 00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:19,810 吗而 Ford 就是渡口的意思而这个渡口在我们中文中就 85 00:06:19,810 --> 00:06:26,800 叫金所以是牛金 Hack their way through jungles To 86 00:06:28,050 --> 00:06:32,370 hack means to cut something roughly or violently 用力 87 00:06:32,370 --> 00:06:32,810 地砍 88 00:06:33,490 --> 00:06:37,630 为什么要 hack their way through jungles 因为在丛林当 89 00:06:37,630 --> 00:06:42,810 中树木很茂密挡住了你的去路你就必须拿着你这个 90 00:06:42,810 --> 00:06:44,090 jungle knife 91 00:06:44,750 --> 00:06:50,770 要披荆斩棘才能够开出一条路走出这个 jungles 还有 92 00:06:50,770 --> 00:06:56,390 cross miles of high stony deserthigh stony desert 是指 93 00:06:56,390 --> 00:07:02,770 高原石 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）