第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第4讲S3

1. 讲稿里说伦敦塔既是金碧辉煌的宫殿也是阴森恐怖的刑场，那为什么要把这么重要的测量起点选在这里，而不是随便找个地标呢？
2. Norwood 一路上都在反复拉伸和测量铁链，还要对地面的起伏和道路的弯曲做精细调整，这俩因素具体是怎么影响最终直线距离计算的？
3. New York 以前叫 New Amsterdam，后来因为约克公爵占领才改名。那 York 和 New York 这两个地名在词源或历史背景上到底有啥具体联系？
4. 为什么测量太阳高度角时，必须严格保证在“同一天的同一时刻”进行对比，哪怕年份不同也不行？
5. Norwood 的测量方法被形容为“荒唐可笑地雄心勃勃”，既然这么麻烦且容易出错，为什么最后的结果误差却只有600码左右？

1. The transcript mentions that the Tower of London was both a magnificent palace and a grim execution ground. Why was this specific location chosen as the starting point for such a crucial measurement instead of just any landmark?
2. Norwood repeatedly stretched and measured the chain while adjusting for land elevation and road meanders. How exactly do the terrain's ups and downs and the winding path affect the calculation of the final straight-line distance?
3. New York was originally New Amsterdam and was renamed after the Duke of York took over. What is the specific historical or etymological connection between York and New York?
4. Why is it mandatory to measure the sun's altitude at the exact same time of day for both locations, even if the years are different?
5. Norwood's method was described as 'ridiculously ambitious' and prone to error. How did he manage to keep the final error margin so low, at only about 600 yards?

1 00:00:06,740 --> 00:00:09,500 Starting with his back against the Tower of London, 2 00:00:09,780 --> 00:00:14,580 Norwood spent two devoted years marching 208 miles 3 00:00:14,580 --> 00:00:15,680 north to York, 4 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:19,540 repeatedly stretching and measuring a length of chain 5 00:00:19,540 --> 00:00:20,540 as he went, 6 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:23,920 all the while making the most meticulous adjustments 7 00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:27,880 for the rise and fall of the land and the meanderings of 8 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:28,440 the road. 9 00:00:30,690 --> 00:00:36,870 脑我的背对着伦敦塔开始前进花了两年的时间这两年 10 00:00:36,870 --> 00:00:41,150 什么也不做专门做这件事所以说它是 two devoted 11 00:00:41,150 --> 00:00:51,000 years 前进了 208 英里向北前进了 208 英里到达 York 12 00:00:52,100 --> 00:00:58,180 先说 The Tower of London 伦敦塔并不是一座高塔它 13 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:01,220 是伦敦的一座标志性宫殿和城堡 14 00:01:02,250 --> 00:01:07,250 它既是金碧辉煌的宫殿也是阴森恐怖的形场见证了英 15 00:01:07,250 --> 00:01:09,710 国历史上的很多血雨腥风 16 00:01:10,290 --> 00:01:13,050 不少王公贵族都在这里被触觉 17 00:01:14,940 --> 00:01:16,740 York 约克 18 00:01:17,780 --> 00:01:21,000 这是英国历史上非常重要的一座城市 19 00:01:21,460 --> 00:01:26,160 在历史上的地位跟今天的伦敦一样重要著名的英国历 20 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:31,820 史剧唐顿庄园就是以约克为背景拍摄的还有 21 00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:37,470 他的这个城市名称 York 有没有使你想起 New York 其实 22 00:01:37,470 --> 00:01:41,990 他们之间还是有一点联系的 New York 原来并不叫 New 23 00:01:41,990 --> 00:01:47,750 York 而是叫 New Amsterdam 新阿姆斯特丹当时是在荷兰 24 00:01:47,750 --> 00:01:54,750 人的手下后来 The Duke of York 约克公爵占领了 New 25 00:01:54,750 --> 00:01:55,210 Amsterdam 26 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:03,770 所以才把 New Amsterdam 改名为 New York 新约克但是我 27 00:02:03,770 --> 00:02:06,240 们把它翻译成纽约好了 28 00:02:07,010 --> 00:02:10,610 Nowords 这一路上呢 repeatedly stretching and 29 00:02:10,610 --> 00:02:14,750 measuring a length of chain as it went 一路上不断地在 30 00:02:14,750 --> 00:02:21,290 测量一根铁链的长度他是要利用铁链的长度来测出约 31 00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:25,250 克到伦敦之间的直线距离但是 32 00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:29,340 一路上呢他要 making the most meticulous adjustments 33 00:02:29,340 --> 00:02:33,640 for the rise and fall of the land and the meanderings of 34 00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:39,080 the road 一路上要进行非常精确的非常详细的 ad 35 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:43,320 justments 是调整 Meticulous means very careful about 36 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:46,980 details and always making sure that everything is done 37 00:02:46,980 --> 00:02:47,460 correctly 38 00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:53,600 为什么要进行一些调整那是因为土地是有高低起伏的 39 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:59,500 有 rise and fall 而且呢路还是 meanderings meander 是 40 00:02:59,500 --> 00:03:01,980 它的动词要注意它的翻译是 meander 41 00:03:02,660 --> 00:03:03,760 If a river, 42 00:03:03,900 --> 00:03:08,480 stream or road meanders it has a lot of bendsrather than 43 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:13,680 going in a straight line 有很多弯弯曲曲的所以它只能 44 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:18,720 够测量铁链的长度而铁链的长度反映了土地的高低起 45 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:24,820 伏以及路的蜿蜒曲折要通过一系列的计算才能够算出 46 00:03:24,820 --> 00:03:28,260 直线的距离 The final step was to measure 47 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:39,100 最 48 00:03:39,290 --> 00:03:45,070 后一个步骤就是在约克测量太阳高度角但是 49 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:51,580 测量的时间必须跟他第一次在伦敦进行测量的时间一 50 00:03:51,580 --> 00:03:53,980 致这个时间一致指的是 51 00:03:54,500 --> 00:04:00,980 必须是在一年的固定的一个日期可以在不同年份但是 52 00:04:00,980 --> 00:04:05,800 日期必须相同而且在一天中的时刻也必须相同 53 00:04:06,450 --> 00:04:11,930 因为这样才可以对比这两地之间的太阳高度角太阳高 54 00:04:11,930 --> 00:04:17,050 度角的差已经知道了两地之间的距离也已经知道了通 55 00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:20,270 过这些数据就可以计算出什么呢 56 00:04:29,910 --> 00:04:33,930 根据这些数据他认为可以计算出地球上 57 00:04:34,410 --> 00:04:40,510 惊险一度的长度并进一步推算出整个惊险的长度 It 58 00:04:40,510 --> 00:04:44,130 was an almost ridiculously ambitious undertaking 59 00:04:44,670 --> 00:04:47,990 Ridiculously means ridiculously 60 00:04:48,630 --> 00:04:55,190 荒唐可笑的 Ambitious Ambitious means determined to 61 00:04:55,190 --> 00:05:00,680 be successful to be powerful 目标非常远大野心非常大 62 00:05:00,680 --> 00:05:06,430 的雄心勃勃的 Undertaking 是一项很大的很难的一项 63 00:05:06,430 --> 00:05:08,610 事业一个很大的任务 64 00:05:11,230 --> 00:05:11,670 他的 65 00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:18,420 这个方法之麻烦琐碎到了几乎滑稽可笑的地步这可真 66 00:05:18,420 --> 00:05:20,360 是一件难以完成的任务 67 00:05:27,370 --> 00:05:27,810 破 68 00:05:27,910 --> 00:05:33,290 者号后面的部分对于这项工作的艰难做了进一步的解 69 00:05:33,290 --> 00:05:38,970 释因为只要出现一点点的错误 Fraction means part, 70 00:05:39,290 --> 00:05:41,590 a small part of a degree 71 00:05:42,650 --> 00:05:47,450 里面牵涉到的所有角度只要有一丁点的偏颇就能够让 72 00:05:47,450 --> 00:05:51,370 最终的答案出现数英里的偏差 But 73 00:05:52,780 --> 00:05:53,280 in fact, 74 00:05:53,380 --> 00:05:57,780 as Norwood proudly declaimed he was accurate to within 75 00:05:57,780 --> 00:06:03,860 a scantling To declaim means to speak loudly 宣称, 76 00:06:03,980 --> 00:06:06,320 大声地宣布然 77 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:12,760 而事实上正如挠我的自己骄傲地宣布的那样它的结果 78 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:17,040 还是非常精确的误差只不过是 with in a scantling a 79 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:21,940 scantling means a very small amount 误差只有一点点 or 80 00:06:21,940 --> 00:06:28,160 more precisely to within about 600 yards 更精确地说它 81 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:32,480 的误差仅仅不过 600 码 yards 82 00:06:33,020 --> 00:06:37,260 一个 yard 差不多等于一米接近一米, 83 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:43,280 0.9 几米那也就是基本上误差只有 500 多米 In 84 00:06:43,540 --> 00:06:47,440 metric terms,his figure walked out at 110. 85 00:06:49,260 --> 00:06:54,180 72 kilometers per degree of arc In metric terms, 86 00:06:54,500 --> 00:06:56,900 metric 指的是工智, 87 00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:02,180 工智单位工智单位是中国人比较熟悉的它是实境位的 88 00:07:02,180 --> 00:07:04,200 比如说厘米, 89 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:10,610 毫米,还有米公里这些还有重量单位呢是多少克, 90 00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:13,970 然后多少千克还有毫升, 91 00:07:14,170 --> 00:07:15,390 老升这些 92 00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:20,370 而音质单位相对应的 The English System 是中国人不太 93 00:07:20,370 --> 00:07:25,070 熟悉但是英美国家的人比较喜欢用比如说它会说 94 00:07:25,070 --> 00:07:28,610 foot,还有 mile,英里,ounce, 95 00:07:29,330 --> 00:07:31,210 pound In 96 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,560 1637,Norwood's masterwork of navigation, 97 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:39,080 The Seaman's Practice, 98 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:42,500 was pu ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）