第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第3讲

1. 老师，讲稿里说牛顿故意把《原理》写得特别难，连哈雷都觉得这书是“inaccessible”（难懂的）。他为啥要这么干？是怕被那些“半吊子”（Smetauri）烦着吗？
2. 这段里提到了英国的五级贵族（公侯伯子男）和骑士（Knight）。我有点搞混，骑士爵位是可以世袭传给儿子的吗？还是像贵族那样？
3. 牛顿跟德国数学家莱布尼茨为了微积分的发明权吵得特别凶（bitter fight）。既然吵得这么厉害，为啥莱布尼茨还觉得牛顿的贡献能跟以前所有数学家的加起来比肩呢？
4. 讲稿里把牛顿第一定律（惯性）放在第二定律（加速度）后面讲，说是为了好理解。为啥先讲“受力运动”再讲“不受力运动”会更顺耳？
5. 万有引力定律说所有物体都互相吸引，连我坐着都在拉墙和灯。既然引力这么普遍，为啥费曼说它是“proportional to the mass”（与质量成正比）？是不是质量越大拉力越明显？

1. The transcript says Newton deliberately made 'Principia' so inaccessible that even Halley found it tough. Why did he do that? Was he trying to avoid being annoyed by 'Smetauri' (half-baked scholars)?
2. The text mentions the five ranks of British nobility and Knights. I'm confused: is the title of Knight hereditary like the nobles, or does it stay with the individual?
3. Newton had a bitter fight with Leibniz over the invention of calculus. Since they argued so intensely, why did Leibniz still think Newton's contributions were equal to all previous mathematicians combined?
4. The transcript places Newton's First Law (inertia) after the Second Law (acceleration) for better understanding. Why does explaining 'motion under force' before 'motion without force' sound more logical?
5. The law of universal gravitation says everything pulls on everything else, even me pulling on the walls. Feynman mentions it's 'proportional to the mass'—does that mean the gravitational pull is only noticeable when objects are really heavy?

1 00:00:11,090 --> 00:00:12,830 Hello guys,welcome back. 2 00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:16,500 We will continue to talk about Newton's great book, 3 00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:17,680 Principia. 4 00:00:17,820 --> 00:00:21,220 I'm sorry about my mistaken pronunciation in the last 5 00:00:21,220 --> 00:00:21,600 session. 6 00:00:21,880 --> 00:00:25,000 I said Principia.But this is a Latin word. 7 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:27,460 It does not follow English phonetic rules. 8 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:31,040 It should be Principia instead of Principia. 9 00:00:31,100 --> 00:00:32,060 Here we go. 10 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:35,640 Once in a great while,a few times in history, 11 00:00:35,860 --> 00:00:40,280 a human mind produces an observation so acute and 12 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:40,940 unexpectedunexpected, 13 00:00:41,180 --> 00:00:44,340 that people can't decide which is the more amazing, 14 00:00:44,580 --> 00:00:46,860 the fact,or the thinking of it. 15 00:00:47,400 --> 00:00:51,020 Once in a great while means once in a very long time, 16 00:00:51,140 --> 00:00:53,080 a few times in history. 17 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:55,740 A human mind means a mortal being, 18 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:57,000 一个凡人, 19 00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:01,220 produces an observation so acute and unexpected. 20 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:04,600 Observation 可以有这几个意思, 21 00:01:04,760 --> 00:01:07,940 观察报告,观测结果,见解或言论, 22 00:01:07,940 --> 00:01:11,140 无论是哪一个意思放在这儿都讲得通的 23 00:01:12,140 --> 00:01:18,280 一个凡人提出了如此具有洞察力如此出人意料的见解 24 00:01:18,280 --> 00:01:25,040 人们往往感到难以断定到底是哪一样更令人惊奇 25 00:01:25,870 --> 00:01:31,710 是宇宙世界的客观规律本身还是说竟然有人能够想到 26 00:01:31,710 --> 00:01:36,910 了这个规律 Principal was one of these moments 原理这 27 00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:38,890 本书就是这样的一种情况 28 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:45,200 他揭示了宇宙万物的运动规律人们对这些规律感到惊 29 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:51,330 奇万分同时又对竟然有人能够想到这样的规律竟然有 30 00:01:51,330 --> 00:01:56,620 人能够发现这样的规律对这件事情本身也感到惊讶万 31 00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:56,860 分 32 00:01:57,450 --> 00:01:59,750 It made Newton instantly famous 33 00:02:00,290 --> 00:02:04,670 他让牛顿一夜成名 For the rest of his life he would be 34 00:02:04,670 --> 00:02:07,150 drapedwith plaud its and honours, 35 00:02:07,350 --> 00:02:09,150 becoming,among much else, 36 00:02:09,310 --> 00:02:12,510 the first person in Britain knighted for scientific 37 00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:13,170 achievement 38 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:19,180 to drape means to cover with a piece of cloth 这里指的是 39 00:02:19,180 --> 00:02:22,880 被覆盖着,被笼罩着 plaud its, 40 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:23,680 喝彩, 41 00:02:23,780 --> 00:02:29,060 掌声这个 knight 做名词的时候是歧视的意思这里是动 42 00:02:29,060 --> 00:02:33,260 词的过去分词,指的是被授予歧视爵位 43 00:02:34,050 --> 00:02:39,430 在此之后牛顿的有生之年处处是贺彩处处是荣誉 44 00:02:40,320 --> 00:02:46,580 他还成为英国第一个因为科技上的伟大成就而被授予 45 00:02:46,580 --> 00:02:47,640 骑士爵位的人 46 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:53,170 当然除此之外还有很多其他的荣誉 among much else 就 47 00:02:53,170 --> 00:02:56,820 是指这项荣誉是在其他很多的荣誉之中的 48 00:02:58,930 --> 00:03:02,130 我们现在介绍一下英国的五级贵族制 49 00:03:02,750 --> 00:03:06,290 最高的是 Duke 公爵然后是 Marquis, 50 00:03:06,430 --> 00:03:09,810 侯爵,Earl 是伯爵,Viscount, 51 00:03:10,010 --> 00:03:12,810 子爵,Baron 是男爵,公侯, 52 00:03:12,950 --> 00:03:16,190 伯子,男这五级是可以世袭的, 53 00:03:16,270 --> 00:03:21,190 就是可以从父亲传到儿子的在他们之下还有 Knight, 54 00:03:21,390 --> 00:03:25,670 就是骑士,骑士不可以世袭在 55 00:03:26,790 --> 00:03:27,650 中世纪的时候, 56 00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:32,650 骑士其实就是贵族的骑兵部队他们享有很高的荣誉 57 00:03:33,290 --> 00:03:37,770 人们可以因为骁勇善战而被授予骑士爵位 58 00:03:38,420 --> 00:03:44,180 但是后来一直到现在人们可以因为在各行各业做出的 59 00:03:44,180 --> 00:03:49,300 杰出成就而被授予骑士爵位就不一定是打仗了 Even 60 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:53,860 the great German mathematician Goffrey von 61 00:03:53,860 --> 00:03:57,400 Leibnizwith whom Newton had a longbitter fight over 62 00:03:57,400 --> 00:04:01,460 priority for the invention of the calculusthought his 63 00:04:01,460 --> 00:04:04,720 contributions to mathematicsequal to all the 64 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:10,380 accumulated work that had preceded him Pri ority 是优 65 00:04:10,380 --> 00:04:15,260 先权 Pri ority for the invention of the calculus 又是关 66 00:04:15,260 --> 00:04:20,400 于是谁先发明了微积分这么一件事牛顿跟这位著名的 67 00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:25,840 德国数学家长期以来争论不休 bitter fight 指的是争 68 00:04:25,840 --> 00:04:30,260 吵的非常激烈 fight 并不是打架而是争吵 69 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:34,560 但就是这位德国数学家他也 thought his 70 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:38,320 contributions to mathematics his means Newton's 71 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:42,120 contributions to mathematics 他认为牛顿对数学的贡 72 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:48,760 献等同于前人所有的累积起来的贡献 proceed 指的是 73 00:04:48,760 --> 00:04:53,540 在他之前这个 him 还是指牛顿在牛顿之前的所有数学 74 00:04:53,540 --> 00:04:58,320 家加起来的贡献也就跟现在牛顿的贡献差不多 75 00:05:10,660 --> 00:05:16,940 Mortal 指的是凡人普通人不是神的相对于神而言的这 76 00:05:16,940 --> 00:05:21,300 句是一道庄句其实就是说 No mortal may approach 77 00:05:21,300 --> 00:05:27,240 nearer the gods than Newton 再也没有人能够比牛顿更 78 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:32,400 接近神其实这句话就是说牛顿几乎就是神了简直就是 79 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:37,760 神一样的存在 In a sentiment means in a feeling 心情感 80 00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:42,700 受哈雷当时就带着这样的心情写下了这样一句话他的 81 00:05:42,700 --> 00:05:43,680 这种心情呢 82 00:05:54,360 --> 00:06:00,140 就是哈雷的同时代人 echo 做名词的时候本意就是回声 83 00:06:00,140 --> 00:06:05,720 那这里指的是哈雷的这种心情这种感受得到了他同时 84 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:06,780 代人的共鸣 85 00:06:07,340 --> 00:06:14,860 而且是 sincesince 指的是从那以后的也就是不仅是得 86 00:06:14,860 --> 00:06:20,660 到了同时代人的共鸣而且后世后代还有许多人都非常 87 00:06:20,660 --> 00:06:22,540 赞成哈雷的这个说法 88 00:06:44,740 --> 00:06:50,020 the island is only accessible by boat means you can only 89 00:06:50,020 --> 00:06:54,140 get to the island by boat a person can also be accessible 90 00:06:54,140 --> 00:06:58,240 the queen is in fact very accessible it means that the 91 00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:02,600 queen is very easy to talk to very easy to get along with 92 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:07,180 平易近人 if a book is accessible it means the book is 93 00:07:07,180 --> 00:07:12,070 very easy to understandpr incipio is the most 94 00:07:12,070 --> 00:07:15,710 inacces ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）