第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第3讲S4

1. 讲稿里说 Newton 'contributed nothing'，这里用 custom 来解释，custom 到底是指‘习惯’还是‘性格’？牛顿是因为习惯这样，还是因为他本来就很吝啬？
2. ‘to seep in’ 这个词组在文中说牛顿定律的含义要慢慢渗透进来，seep 原意是渗漏，那为什么用‘渗漏’来形容理解道理的过程？
3. 讲稿里把‘炮弹轨迹’和‘地球自转’放在一起解释，这两者虽然都跟引力有关，但原理上有什么区别？一个是抛物线，一个是被‘吸住’，咋区分？
4. 既然地球自转速度这么快（赤道每小时1600公里），为啥我们跳起来或者直升机悬停，落下来时还在原地，没被甩到别的地方去？
5. 文中提到 Newton's Laws 刚出来时‘almost immediately controversial’（立刻引起争议），但它是解释潮汐、行星运动等自然现象的，为什么这种科学理论在当时会引起轩然大波？

1. The transcript says Newton 'contributed nothing', using 'custom' to explain it. Does 'custom' here mean a mere habit or his stingy personality? Was he just used to not paying, or was he naturally miserly?
2. 'To seep in' is used to describe how the implications of Newton's laws slowly entered our understanding. Since 'seep' originally means to leak or filter slowly, why is this word chosen to describe the process of grasping a concept?
3. The transcript groups 'cannonball trajectory' and 'Earth's rotation' together under gravity. Although both involve gravity, what's the difference in the underlying principles? One is a parabola, the other is being 'held down'—how do we distinguish them?
4. Since the Earth rotates so fast (1600 km/h at the equator), why do we land in the same spot after jumping or when a helicopter hovers, instead of being left behind or thrown somewhere else?
5. The text mentions that Newton's Laws were 'almost immediately controversial' upon release, yet they explain natural phenomena like tides and planetary motion. Why would a scientific theory explaining nature cause such an uproar back then?

1 00:00:05,420 --> 00:00:07,500 哈勃 whose means were not great, 2 00:00:07,720 --> 00:00:11,440 paid for the book's publication out of his own pocket. 3 00:00:11,760 --> 00:00:14,300 Means means income.For example, 4 00:00:14,300 --> 00:00:16,160 try to live within your means. 5 00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:19,120 开销最好不要超过自己的收入。 6 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:21,720 His father was a man of great means. 7 00:00:22,040 --> 00:00:24,440 It means his father was a rich man. 8 00:00:24,660 --> 00:00:26,800 哈勃也不算是有钱人, 9 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:30,180 他自掏腰包资助了书的出版。 10 00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:36,340 Newton as was his custom contributed nothingcustom 我 11 00:00:36,340 --> 00:00:41,560 们看一下更多例句 He awoke early as was his custom So 12 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:45,620 custom is something that you usually do every day or in a 13 00:00:45,620 --> 00:00:50,640 particular situation 牛顿呢还是跟往常一样一毛不 14 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:50,880 拔 15 00:00:50,940 --> 00:00:55,800 什么也没出 To make matters worse Harley at this time 16 00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:00,240 had just accepted a position as the society's clerk And 17 00:01:00,240 --> 00:01:03,880 he was informed that the society could no longer afford 18 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:07,040 to provide himwith a promised salary of 19 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:10,860 50 per annum To make matters worse, 20 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:16,160 更糟糕的是哈雷这个时候刚刚接受了皇家学会的一个 21 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:22,740 职位他被告知原来说好的一年 50 英镑的工资现在学会 22 00:01:22,740 --> 00:01:25,100 拿不出来了钱是没有还有, 23 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:29,820 皇家学会只能够把鱼类史当作工资发给他了。 24 00:01:31,030 --> 00:01:34,070 Newton's Laws explained so many things, 25 00:01:34,450 --> 00:01:36,930 the sloshing roll of ocean tides, 26 00:01:37,050 --> 00:01:38,570 the motions of planets, 27 00:01:38,910 --> 00:01:42,390 why cannonballs trace a particular trajectory before 28 00:01:42,390 --> 00:01:43,510 heading back to Earth, 29 00:01:43,730 --> 00:01:47,010 why we aren't flown into space as the planet spins 30 00:01:47,010 --> 00:01:49,710 beneath us at hundreds of miles an hour, 31 00:01:49,950 --> 00:01:53,710 that it took a while for all their implications to seep 32 00:01:53,710 --> 00:01:54,010 in. 33 00:01:54,490 --> 00:01:59,410 我们首先把破折号里的部分先拿掉不要看它那这个句 34 00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:01,690 子就只剩下了主干的部分 35 00:02:08,630 --> 00:02:18,270 牛顿定律解释了太多的事物现象要想慢慢地理解它的 36 00:02:18,270 --> 00:02:22,250 全部含义那还需要一段时间 to seep in 37 00:02:22,370 --> 00:02:27,230 指的是它的含义慢慢的渗透进来并我们理解好 38 00:02:27,250 --> 00:02:31,090 现在我们来看破折号里的部分解释的就是 so many 39 00:02:31,090 --> 00:02:35,810 things 这许许多多的事物现象都包括什么呢它包括 40 00:02:35,810 --> 00:02:39,750 the slosh and roll of ocean tidesslosh 41 00:02:39,850 --> 00:02:43,830 指的是波涛汹涌的感觉 slosh and rollslosh 42 00:02:43,870 --> 00:02:47,810 本身指的是水泼溅出去比如说 he put the glass down 43 00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,930 hard and beer sloshed over the edge 他重重地把杯子往 44 00:02:52,930 --> 00:02:58,370 桌子上一放杯里的啤酒就晃了出来还有 The motions of 45 00:02:58,370 --> 00:03:02,550 planets 行星的运动 Why cannonballs trace a 46 00:03:02,550 --> 00:03:05,710 particular trajectorybefore flooding back to Earth 47 00:03:05,710 --> 00:03:12,770 Trajectory 是弹道轨迹指的是炮弹发射出去以后所行 48 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:18,440 走的那个运动轨迹 Flooding 这是一个象生词表示一声 49 00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:21,260 闷响砰的一声回到地面 50 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:27,560 为什么炮弹发射出去以后在砰然一声回到地面之前要 51 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:30,720 遵循弹道的轨迹在空中行进呢 52 00:03:30,970 --> 00:03:36,090 Why we aren't flown into space Floan means thrown As the 53 00:03:36,090 --> 00:03:39,710 planet spins beneath us At hundreds of miles an hour 54 00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:46,810 为什么我们脚底下的地球以高达每小时数百公里的速 55 00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:52,830 度在迅速的旋转但是我们却没有被甩到太空里去呢这 56 00:03:52,830 --> 00:03:59,350 里讲的是地球的自转地球的自转速度在赤道上和在两 57 00:03:59,350 --> 00:04:06,330 极是不一样的在赤道上的话每个小时是 1600 公里如果 58 00:04:06,330 --> 00:04:12,590 是两极那就是零就等于没有转所以每小时 1600 公里这 59 00:04:12,590 --> 00:04:16,510 比飞机飞得还快可是为什么为什么我们还能够站得那 60 00:04:16,510 --> 00:04:20,170 么稳一点感觉都没有不会被甩到太空中去呢 61 00:04:21,780 --> 00:04:26,900 这种种现象都可以用万有引力来解释第一种说的是潮 62 00:04:26,900 --> 00:04:32,160 汐地球上的潮汐主要是月球对地球的引力造成的当然 63 00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:36,980 还有太阳的引力但是因为太阳跟地球的距离太远所以 64 00:04:36,980 --> 00:04:43,780 主要还是月球对地球的引力影响更大当地球朝着太阳 65 00:04:43,780 --> 00:04:49,640 的那一面地球朝向月亮的那一面水就会涨起来一些就 66 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:56,260 会涨潮如果月球和太阳运行到同一条线上那么太阳和 67 00:04:56,260 --> 00:05:01,500 月球对地球的吸引力就会叠加这个时候就会形成大潮 68 00:05:01,500 --> 00:05:06,300 第二个情况说的是行星的运动行星为什么会沿着一定 69 00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:12,020 的轨道绕着太阳转呢它为什么不飘到太空中去呢这是 70 00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:17,640 因为太阳对它们有一定的引力把它们都拽住了第三个 71 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:23,260 情况说的是炮弹发射出去以后为什么会沿着一定的轨 72 00:05:23,260 --> 00:05:29,300 迹最后又会落到地面上这也是因为地球对它产生的巨 73 00:05:29,300 --> 00:05:35,360 大引力它终究会回到地球的不可能会沿着那条直线一 74 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:41,700 直不停地匀速运动下去第三种情况也相当有意思我们 75 00:05:41,700 --> 00:05:46,260 在地球上地球在自转我们为什么不会被甩到太空中去 76 00:05:46,260 --> 00:05:51,580 呢其实这是因为地球把我们牢牢地吸住了我们跟着地 77 00:05:51,580 --> 00:05:57,510 球一起在转那这样又有一个问题假如我高高地跳起那 78 00:05:57,510 --> 00:06:02,860 么在我跳起的瞬间里边地球是不是应该转过去一点了 79 00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:04,640 呢那么当我落下的时候 80 00:06:05,160 --> 00:06:10,020 我是不是不会再落在原地呢还有假如我们乘坐直升飞 81 00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:15,040 机悬停在空中地球是不是应该转过去几百公里了那么 82 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:19,880 当直升飞机垂直下降的时候是不是应该到了另外一个 83 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:26,060 地方呢可实际上并不是这样其实我们虽然暂时离开了 84 00:06:26,060 --> 00:06:30,620 地面但是直升飞机悬停的高度以及我们跳起来的那个 85 00:06:30,620 --> 00:06:36,340 高度简直是小的可以忽略不计地球对我们的引力依然 86 00:06:36,340 --> 00:06:41,030 十分巨大所以它就像是拿着一根看不见的绳子拽着我 87 00:06:41,030 --> 00:06:46,560 们一样我们还是在跟着地球在自转的因此天空中飞着 88 00:06:46,560 --> 00:06:53,020 的飞机实际上都还是被地球拽着在转所以如果我们迎 89 00:06:53,020 --> 00:06:58,620 着地球自转的方向飞过去也不会使我们更早到达目的 90 00:06:58,620 --> 00:07:08,800 地 Revelation 的动词是 reveal 意思是揭露 91 00:07:08,900 --> 00:07:14,540 揭示那 Revelation 指的是原理这本书揭示的一个现实 92 00:07:14,540 --> 00:07:18,920 一个现象 It became almost immediately controversial 93 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:23,620 一下子就引起了轩然大波那 94 00:07:23,650 --> 00:07:30,750 这到底是什么呢下一次继续不过今天提到我们跟着地 95 00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:33,690 球在自转我想起毛泽东在 96 00:07:33, ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）