第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第3讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说万有引力公式里的 G 是牛顿之后一百年才被算出来的，那为什么牛顿能提出这个公式，却算不出 G 的具体数值呢？
2. 讲稿里提到哈雷为了拿到《原理》的第三卷，用了 'liberal applications of flattery'（大肆拍马屁），这个 'flattery' 在这里具体是指什么行为？
3. 'Principia's production was not without drama' 用了双重否定，这里说的 'drama' 具体是指出版过程中发生了哪些具体的争吵或波折？
4. 皇家学会之前资助的《鱼类史》是个 'costly flop'（昂贵的失败作），这和他们后来拒绝出版《原理》的 'financial embarrassment'（财政尴尬）有什么因果关系？
5. 讲稿最后说牛顿的公式让我们无论走到哪都知道自己的 'gravitational position'（引力位置），这个说法除了字面意思，是不是还有更深层的哲学或科学意义？

1. Teacher, the script says G was calculated 100 years after Newton, so why could Newton propose the formula but not calculate the specific value of G?
2. The script mentions Hooke used 'liberal applications of flattery' to get the third volume of Principia; what specific behavior does 'flattery' refer to here?
3. 'Principia's production was not without drama' uses a double negative; what specific arguments or twists in the publishing process does this 'drama' refer to?
4. The Royal Society previously backed 'The History of Fishes' as a 'costly flop'; what is the causal link between that failure and their later 'financial embarrassment' in refusing to publish Principia?
5. At the end, the script says Newton's formula lets us know our 'gravitational position' wherever we go; besides the literal meaning, does this have deeper philosophical or scientific implications?

1 00:00:05,740 --> 00:00:08,000 This can be expressed with a formula. 2 00:00:08,220 --> 00:00:09,840 Formula 就是公式。 3 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:13,040 万有引力定律可以用这个公式来表示。 4 00:00:13,320 --> 00:00:14,560 这就是公式。 5 00:00:14,660 --> 00:00:19,180 F 表示万有引力,G 是万有引力常数。 6 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:23,540 这个万有引力常数呢,在牛顿的时候还没有被算出来, 7 00:00:23,660 --> 00:00:26,040 是牛顿之后的一百年后, 8 00:00:26,100 --> 00:00:28,880 由另外一个科学家计算出来的。 9 00:00:30,260 --> 00:00:32,740 M 表示一个物体的质量, 10 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:35,800 这里另外一个 M 是另一个物体的质量。 11 00:00:35,800 --> 00:00:40,240 并不是说一个大一个小的意思而是区别开来反正就是 12 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:46,300 两个物体的质量相乘再除以 2 的平方 2 是两个物体之间 13 00:00:46,300 --> 00:00:47,040 的距离 14 00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:54,480 那要用的单位就是质量用公斤的单位千克而距离呢用 15 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:55,660 米这个单位 16 00:00:56,680 --> 00:01:00,920 现在我们每个人都可以拿起笔来计算一下你和身边人 17 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:05,140 之间的引力值先把你的质 18 00:01:05,420 --> 00:01:11,280 量乘以另外一个人的质量再除以二 19 00:01:11,760 --> 00:01:15,220 人之间的距离的平方然后 20 00:01:15,540 --> 00:01:20,380 把算出来的这个值呢乘以万有引力常数这个万有引力 21 00:01:20,380 --> 00:01:25,600 常数是 6.67 乘以 10 的负 11 次方也就是 0. 22 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:27,100 000000. 23 00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:32,220 667 你可以这样直接算进去然后就可以得出你们之间 24 00:01:32,220 --> 00:01:33,180 的引力值了 25 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:40,380 你得出来的这个单位呢是 N 也就是 Newton 牛顿因为牛 26 00:01:40,380 --> 00:01:44,960 顿对力学的重大贡献所以力的单位是牛顿当然我们完 27 00:01:44,960 --> 00:01:49,680 全可以想象这个引力值是极小极小的因为刚才算的这 28 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:54,260 些东西要乘以这么小的一个万有引力常数但是如果我 29 00:01:54,260 --> 00:01:59,620 们计算的是两个天体之间的引力这个就大得惊人了 30 00:01:59,620 --> 00:02:04,340 which is of course way beyond anything that most of us 31 00:02:04,340 --> 00:02:08,280 could make practical use ofwhich 指的就是前面这个 32 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:12,880 formula 这个公式当然了我们好像没有什么实际的用 33 00:02:12,880 --> 00:02:17,460 途 but at least we can appreciate that it is elegantly 34 00:02:17,460 --> 00:02:25,200 compactcompact 不是第一次见到它是指非常紧凑的小 35 00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:31,440 型的至少我们能够欣赏到它的优美和精简 a couple of 36 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:36,200 brief multiplications a simple division and bingo you 37 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:40,300 know your gravitational position wherever you gomult 38 00:02:40,300 --> 00:02:45,220 iplication 就是乘法只是简单的几个乘法你看这两个 39 00:02:45,220 --> 00:02:49,880 东西相乘然后这个万有引力常数跟后面这个数相乘 a 40 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:53,260 simple division 只要做一个简单的除法 41 00:02:54,100 --> 00:02:55,120 and bingo 42 00:02:58,780 --> 00:03:03,380 无论你走到哪里你都能够清楚地知道自己的中立部署 43 00:03:03,380 --> 00:03:04,240 是怎样的 44 00:03:11,260 --> 00:03:21,800 这可是破天荒第一遭由人类提出的一个真正的自然律 45 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:26,700 A such universal esteem. 46 00:03:27,220 --> 00:03:30,880 所以牛顿才会受到如此的敬仰与尊重。 47 00:03:31,020 --> 00:03:32,700 Esteem means respect. 48 00:03:34,260 --> 00:03:37,120 Principia's production was not without drama. 49 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:39,000 Drama 是戏剧, 50 00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:43,020 not without 这里两个否定词构成了双重否定。 51 00:03:43,280 --> 00:03:47,000 Principia 出版的过程颇有戏剧性, 52 00:03:47,140 --> 00:03:48,220 一波三折。 53 00:03:48,420 --> 00:03:49,660 To Holly's horror, 54 00:03:49,940 --> 00:03:51,840 Justice's work was nearing completion. 55 00:04:05,860 --> 00:04:08,000 在书稿正要完成的时候, 56 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:12,200 牛顿和胡克两个人又开始陷入了争端之中, 57 00:04:12,300 --> 00:04:13,240 争斗之中。 58 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:17,960 他们两个人争吵的内容跟前面牛顿和那位德国的数学 59 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:18,660 家一样。 60 00:04:18,660 --> 00:04:23,680 上回我们看到的是 Newton 和那位数学家是 had a bitter 61 00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:27,640 fight over the priority for the invention of the 62 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:33,240 calculus 这回呢是关于平方反比率到底是谁先想到谁 63 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:39,060 先发现的问题牛顿一气之下就拒绝拿出自己的第三卷 64 00:04:39,060 --> 00:04:43,860 而第三卷是 Crucial Crucial means the most important 65 00:04:43,860 --> 00:04:49,700 第三卷可是至关重要的没有这第三卷呢前面两卷也就 66 00:04:49,700 --> 00:04:50,640 没什么意义了。 67 00:05:17,700 --> 00:05:19,960 大地之间穿梭 Diplomacy 68 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:25,500 外交穿梭外交哈雷一会儿在牛顿这边说说好话一会儿 69 00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:29,860 又到胡克那边说说好话两头跑 And the most liberal 70 00:05:29,860 --> 00:05:33,880 applications of flattery Liberal means free, 71 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:38,240 without control Application 我们先看一下它的动词 72 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:42,300 apply 它指的是应用或者使用的意思 To apply new 73 00:05:42,300 --> 00:05:47,320 technology to the production 把新技术应用到生产上 74 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:51,660 She applied her lipstick before she went out 她出门之 75 00:05:51,660 --> 00:05:56,120 前涂了些口红所以这里 liberal applications of 76 00:05:56,120 --> 00:06:01,440 flattery 这个 flattery 是公为拍马屁的意思也就是大 77 00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:06,200 量的使用这个马屁公式不加限制的使用 To extract 78 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:10,560 means to remove something from a place with some 79 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:16,020 difficulty 就是拿到拿出来尤其是指比较艰难的拿到 80 00:06:16,020 --> 00:06:20,360 才用这个 extract 看一下更多的例句 You have to have 81 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,820 that tooth extracted 你得把那颗牙齿拔了 He 82 00:06:24,820 --> 00:06:29,360 extracted an envelope from his inside pocket 他从里边 83 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:34,160 的口袋里掏出一个信封 Oils are extracted from the 84 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:34,520 plants 85 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:41,600 油就是从这些植物里边提取出来的那这里呢 Only with 86 00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:45,140 did Harley manage to finally extract the concluding 87 00:06:45,140 --> 00:06:50,860 volume 这是一个倒装的结构也就是哈雷呢不得已展开 88 00:06:50,860 --> 00:06:58,140 了密集的穿梭外加大规模展开马屁攻势才终于从这位 89 00:06:58,140 --> 00:07:03,620 性情古怪的教授手里拿到了第三卷 Concluding volume 90 00:07:03,620 --> 00:07:09,460 means the last volume 最后的那一卷 Harley's traum as 91 00:07:09,460 --> 00:07:14,260 were not yet quite overtrauma means injury 在这里呢指 92 00:07:14,260 --> 00:07:19,740 的是精神创伤也就是 Harley 的烦恼还没有结束呢 The 93 00:07:19,740 --> 00:07:23,700 Royal Society had promised to publish the work but now 94 00:07:23,700 --> 00:07:28,180 pulled out citing financial embarrassment 皇家学会 95 00:07:28,180 --> 00:07:34,400 原来说得好好的要资助这本书的出版但现在呢它又退 96 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:37,140 出了 to cite means to mention something 97 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:41,780 or as an explanation.Financial embarrassment, 98 00:07 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）