第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第2讲S4

1. 讲稿里说哈雷博士问牛顿的问题里有个很长的定语从句 'that will be described by the planets...'，为什么作者不直接把它放在 curve 后面，非要隔着 'would be' 呢？
2. 文中提到 'reciprocal to the square of their distance'，这里的 'reciprocal' 到底是什么意思？如果距离变成原来的4倍，引力具体会变成原来的多少？
3. 老师刚才解释了 'confide' 是向信任的人吐露心声，那 'confidant' 和 'confide' 在词性和用法上到底有啥区别？能举个简单的例子吗？
4. 牛顿回答哈雷时说他 'I've calculated'，但后来却 'could not find it'。为什么牛顿明明算出来了却找不到草稿，这难道不奇怪吗？
5. 牛顿的巨著《自然哲学的数学原理》当初为什么坚持用拉丁文写，而不是用英语？这对当时的科学传播有什么影响？

1. The lecture mentions a long relative clause 'that will be described by the planets...' in Halley's question. Why didn't the author put it directly after 'curve' instead of separating it with 'would be'?
2. The text says 'reciprocal to the square of their distance'. What exactly does 'reciprocal' mean here? If the distance becomes 4 times the original, how much does the gravity become?
3. The teacher explained that 'confide' means to pour out one's heart to someone trusted. What is the difference between 'confidant' and 'confide' in terms of part of speech and usage? Can you give a simple example?
4. When Newton answered Halley, he said 'I've calculated', but later he 'could not find it'. Isn't it strange that Newton had calculated it but couldn't find his draft?
5. Why did Newton insist on writing his masterpiece 'Principia' in Latin instead of English? What impact did this have on scientific communication at that time?

1 00:00:05,740 --> 00:00:08,840 Quite what Harley expected to get from him when he made 2 00:00:08,840 --> 00:00:12,020 his unannounced visit in August 1684, 3 00:00:12,380 --> 00:00:15,400 we can only guess.大家应该要注意到, 4 00:00:15,460 --> 00:00:20,120 前面几段作者花了很大的笔墨来描写牛顿是多么奇怪 5 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:20,740 的一个人。 6 00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:24,160 到这里,笔锋一转,开始转回去了, 7 00:00:24,380 --> 00:00:27,340 讲到哈勃刚开始跟别人打了一个赌, 8 00:00:27,540 --> 00:00:30,240 他来找牛顿求教。 9 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:32,900 Quite means exactly. 10 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:39,330 那哈雷突然去剑桥拜访究竟是希望从牛顿那儿得到什 11 00:00:39,330 --> 00:00:43,860 么我们也只能够凭空猜想了 But thanks to the later 12 00:00:43,860 --> 00:00:48,460 account of a Newton confidant Abraham de Mauve we do 13 00:00:48,460 --> 00:00:51,740 have a record of one of Seventy's most historic 14 00:00:51,740 --> 00:00:52,380 encounters 15 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:58,480 这个词可以读作 confidant or confidant 指 16 00:00:58,680 --> 00:01:04,240 的是心腹密友知己的意思我们先要知道它的动词 17 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:06,400 confide to 18 00:01:06,590 --> 00:01:11,290 confide to somebody that or to confide in somebody it 19 00:01:11,290 --> 00:01:14,850 means to tell someone you trust about personal things 20 00:01:14,850 --> 00:01:20,390 that you do not want other people to knowconfidant 指的 21 00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:25,510 是可以谈知心话可以讲知心话的朋友 for example he 22 00:01:25,510 --> 00:01:28,930 confided to his friends that he didn't have much hope 23 00:01:28,930 --> 00:01:32,250 for his election 那这种话他只对着朋友说 24 00:01:37,060 --> 00:01:39,880 我有什么心里话总是可以对姐姐说 25 00:01:46,180 --> 00:01:48,820 多亏牛顿的一位法国朋友 26 00:01:49,630 --> 00:01:51,150 事后有记述 27 00:01:52,370 --> 00:01:54,930 就是他的记载他的记述 28 00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:01,150 Encounters, 29 00:02:01,330 --> 00:02:06,650 record 跟前面的 account 意思是相近的多亏它是后技 30 00:02:06,650 --> 00:02:12,230 术我们才对科学史上最有历史意义的一次会面有了白 31 00:02:12,230 --> 00:02:13,590 纸黑字的记录 32 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:16,600 Encounters means meetings 33 00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:19,460 In 1684, 34 00:02:19,860 --> 00:02:20,100 Dr. 35 00:02:20,260 --> 00:02:23,860 Harley came to visit at Cambridge and after they had 36 00:02:23,860 --> 00:02:27,320 some time together the doctor asked him what he thought 37 00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:28,560 the curve would be 38 00:02:38,140 --> 00:02:43,240 这一段就是他的记录的原文了他就说到 39 00:02:44,270 --> 00:02:47,810 1684 年哈雷博士来到剑桥拜访 40 00:02:48,290 --> 00:02:52,070 在见面寒暄了一阵子之后呢博士问他 41 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,740 那这边就开始复杂了博士问的问题是 42 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:09,480 大家 43 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:15,130 把这个 that 后面所引导的整个从具先把它全部扔掉我 44 00:03:15,130 --> 00:03:24,280 们来看也就是博士问他这就是主干的部分我们来想象 45 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:28,100 这位哈雷博士当时他问的问题应该是 46 00:03:28,580 --> 00:03:30,380 What do you think the curve would be? 47 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:33,940 你觉得那条曲线会是什么样的曲线呢? 48 00:03:33,980 --> 00:03:36,400 你觉得那条曲线是什么样子的呢? 49 00:03:37,570 --> 00:03:42,210 现在我们再来把刚才扔掉的这么长的一句 That will be 50 00:03:42,210 --> 00:03:45,710 described by the planet supposing 这么长的一句再把 51 00:03:45,710 --> 00:03:50,210 它放进来我们首先要找到它的位置我们在这儿看到是 52 00:03:50,210 --> 00:03:54,990 would be 后面实际上这个 that 引导的这个从句它是不 53 00:03:54,990 --> 00:04:00,770 可能真的是跟在 B 后面的实际上它是一个定语从句修 54 00:04:00,770 --> 00:04:02,050 饰的是 curve 55 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:08,220 博士问他这样的一条曲线会是什么样子的 What do you 56 00:04:08,220 --> 00:04:09,200 think the curve would be? 57 00:04:09,300 --> 00:04:13,840 实际上这个 curve 后面是带着一个很长的定语从句但 58 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:17,950 我们现在理解的难度就是这么长的一个定语从句它没 59 00:04:17,950 --> 00:04:23,080 有直接放在 curve 的后面而是中间有 would be 隔开了 60 00:04:23,690 --> 00:04:28,110 所以理解上就有困难了但是作者这样安排是有他的道 61 00:04:28,110 --> 00:04:32,930 理的因为如果我们把这个 that 定语从句放在 curve 的 62 00:04:32,930 --> 00:04:38,150 后面的话这个句子的主语就非常长就变成头重脚轻了 63 00:04:38,150 --> 00:04:42,350 他为了平衡句子的结构就把这个定语从句放到后面了 64 00:04:42,350 --> 00:04:43,230 The 65 00:04:43,740 --> 00:04:48,400 curve that will be described by the planetsdescribe 66 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:52,560 means to make a movementwhich forms the shape of a 67 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:58,060 circle 这是正式的用语指的是事物运动留下的一个形 68 00:04:58,060 --> 00:05:02,820 状一个轨迹不是指用笔去画的那种 For example, 69 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:07,600 her hand described a circle in the air 她的手在空中画 70 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:13,400 了一个圈那这里指的就是行星运行所留下的 curve 留 71 00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:14,540 下的一个曲线 72 00:05:15,380 --> 00:05:19,660 supposing the force of attractiontoward the sun to be 73 00:05:19,660 --> 00:05:24,140 reciprocal to the square of their distance from it 后面 74 00:05:24,140 --> 00:05:29,300 的这句 supposing 后面要注意他谈到了两个数据一个 75 00:05:29,300 --> 00:05:33,660 是 the force of attractiontoward the sun 其实就是太阳 76 00:05:33,660 --> 00:05:38,140 对行星的这个引力 force of attraction 就吸引力第二 77 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:42,140 个数据就是 the square of their distance 78 00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:48,320 那这里大家要注意 there 指的是什么呢 it 又是什么呢 79 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:52,760 大家不妨暂停一下视频自己研究一下 there 80 00:05:53,910 --> 00:06:00,290 其实指的就是 the planets 行星 it 指的就是 the sun 也就 81 00:06:00,290 --> 00:06:06,490 是行星与太阳之间的距离的平方 squ are 是平方的意思 82 00:06:06,490 --> 00:06:12,650 好了现在这两个数据一个是太阳对行星的吸引力还有 83 00:06:12,650 --> 00:06:17,350 一个是太阳和行星之间的距离它们二者之间是什么关 84 00:06:17,350 --> 00:06:23,570 系呢是 reciprocalreciprocal 是倒数比如说 the 85 00:06:23,570 --> 00:06:30,250 reciprocal of 4 is 1 4th 所以 reciprocal 意思是相反的 86 00:06:30,980 --> 00:06:36,980 那整个句子就应该这样解释如果行星对太阳的吸引力 87 00:06:36,980 --> 00:06:44,140 跟它们之间距离的平方成反比的话那行星运行的轨迹 88 00:06:44,140 --> 00:06:49,640 会是怎样的呢会是怎样的一条曲线呢 This was a 89 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:53,380 reference to a piece of mathematicsknown as the 90 00:06:53,380 --> 00:06:59,600 inverse square law inverse square law 指的是平方反比 91 00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:05,780 率 inverse 就是相反的意思比如说距离增加了四倍那 92 00:07:05,780 --> 00:07:12,060 么引力就会比原来小了十六倍哈雷提到的正是数学里 93 00:07:12,060 --> 00:07:18,820 边所谓的平方反比率 which Harley was convinced lay at 94 00:07:18,820 --> 00:07:22,040 the heart of the explanationthough he wasn't sure 95 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:28,380 exactly how 那这个平方反比率呢哈雷已经认定必然是 96 00:07:28,380 --> 00:07: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）