第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第1讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说18世纪的法国科学家“seldom did things simply”，这到底是什么意思？他们为啥放着简单的方法不用，非要选那种“absurdly demanding”（荒谬难搞）的选项呢？
2. 文中提到哈雷（Halley）的职业生涯特别长且成果多（productive），列举了他做过的各种职位。这些不同的经历，比如当船长、在皇家铸币厂做副厂长，对他后来研究天文学有啥具体帮助吗？
3. 哈雷既预测了彗星的回归，又发明了深海潜水钟和天气图。请问“预测哈雷彗星回归”和“发明潜水钟”这两件事，在科学方法或者创新性质上有什么明显的区别？
4. 讲稿里提到哈雷虽然没直接发现那颗以他命名的彗星，但他通过计算确认了它是周期性回归的。既然前人早就记录过这颗彗星，为什么哈雷的预测在当时被认为那么重要且“exceptional”（非同寻常）？
5. 哈雷不仅搞科学，还写了关于鸦片疗效的文章，甚至发明了保存过季鱼的方法。这些看似“不务正业”的研究，反映了那个时代科学家什么样的精神或者局限？

1. Teacher, the script says 18th-century French scientists 'seldom did things simply'. What exactly does that mean? Why would they reject easy methods and choose 'absurdly demanding' alternatives instead?
2. The text mentions Halley had a long and 'productive' career, listing roles like sea captain and deputy controller of the Royal Mint. How did these diverse experiences specifically help his later work in astronomy?
3. Halley predicted the return of his comet but also invented the deep-sea diving bell and weather maps. What is the key difference between 'predicting the comet's return' and 'inventing the diving bell' in terms of scientific method or innovation?
4. Although Halley didn't discover the comet named after him, he calculated its periodic return. Since previous astronomers had already recorded it, why was his prediction considered so 'exceptional' and important at that time?
5. Halley wrote about the effects of opium and even invented a way to preserve out-of-season fish. What do these seemingly 'irrelevant' studies reveal about the mindset or limitations of scientists in that era?

1 00:00:06,540 --> 00:00:11,920 答案是 18 世纪科学家,特别是法国人, 2 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:17,240 经常不断地想想如果有一个无法批准的选择。 3 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:26,980 而且这也是英国的科学家 Edmund Halley 的第一个理 4 00:00:26,980 --> 00:00:27,000 由。 5 00:00:27,340 --> 00:00:32,420 在布格尔和拉康德曼想要去南美时, 6 00:00:32,420 --> 00:00:33,940 并没有任何理由。 7 00:00:36,220 --> 00:00:39,780 现在我们看划线的部分这是句子的主干结构 8 00:00:42,800 --> 00:00:50,760 这个问题的答案要分为两个部分其中一个部分是这个 9 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:55,400 the fact 后面跟着一个定语从句来修饰 the fact 第二个 10 00:00:55,400 --> 00:01:00,420 部分是一个实际的问题一个具体的问题后面也跟着一 11 00:01:00,420 --> 00:01:05,080 个很长的定语从句我们先来看这个答案的第一个方面 12 00:01:05,080 --> 00:01:07,980 那就是 18th century scientists 13 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:13,480 the French in particular 就 18 世纪的科学家尤其是法 14 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:18,320 国人 they seldom did things simply it means they seldom 15 00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:24,140 did things in a simple way 很少愿意采取简单的方式去 16 00:01:24,140 --> 00:01:28,560 做事 if an absurdly demanding alternative was 17 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:33,580 available Demanding 指的是要求特别高的特别难做的 18 00:01:33,580 --> 00:01:37,840 Absolutely 难到了荒谬的程度 Alternative means 19 00:01:37,840 --> 00:01:43,100 option 一个选择 Was available 如果还有另外一种更难 20 00:01:43,100 --> 00:01:48,420 的更荒谬的做法可以选择的话那么这些 18 世纪的科学 21 00:01:48,420 --> 00:01:53,700 家尤其是其中的法国人他们可不愿意用简单的方式去 22 00:01:53,700 --> 00:01:58,740 做这个现在我们听来真是有点费解他们放着简便的方 23 00:01:58,740 --> 00:02:04,860 法不采取反而是越是荒谬的越是难的他们越是趋之落 24 00:02:04,860 --> 00:02:05,080 物 25 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:09,970 这个答案的另外一个方面就跟一个具体的问题有关这 26 00:02:09,970 --> 00:02:13,120 个问题呢是 Had first arisen with the English 27 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:18,860 astronomer at Menhal iarisen 原型是 arise 过去是 28 00:02:18,860 --> 00:02:24,470 arose 过去分词 arisen Had first arisen with the 29 00:02:24,470 --> 00:02:26,190 English astronomer at Menhal i 30 00:02:26,830 --> 00:02:31,970 这个问题是英国的天文学家哈雷在好多年前率先提出 31 00:02:31,970 --> 00:02:35,350 来的这里好多年前呢实际上就是几十年 32 00:02:40,330 --> 00:02:46,530 在那么长时间以前这两个领队做梦也不会想到自己会 33 00:02:46,530 --> 00:02:52,370 去南美更没有理由去这么做完全没有去南美的任何理 34 00:02:52,370 --> 00:02:53,670 由现在 35 00:02:53,900 --> 00:02:58,280 这个段落我们可以看成是一个成上起下的段落首先是 36 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:03,520 提出这群法国科学家他们很奇怪的一种做法为什么要 37 00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:05,660 大老远跑到南美去 38 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:10,680 那我们要回答这个问题要从两方面来回答一方面这是 39 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:15,340 当时的风气他们就不喜欢简简单单的做事第二个方面 40 00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:20,540 跟哈雷几十年前提出来的一个问题有关那我们接下去 41 00:03:20,540 --> 00:03:27,870 的文章就要开始讲这个哈雷提出的问题 Harley was an 42 00:03:27,870 --> 00:03:31,770 exceptional figure.Exception 这个词是例外, 43 00:03:31,930 --> 00:03:35,810 那么 exceptional figure 也就是他是一个非同寻常的 44 00:03:35,810 --> 00:03:37,650 人物,figure 指的是人物, 45 00:03:37,710 --> 00:03:38,730 character In 46 00:03:39,140 --> 00:03:41,920 the course of a long and productive career, 47 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:44,660 he was a sea captain,a cart ographer, 48 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,380 a professor of geometry at the University of Oxford, 49 00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:51,040 Deputy Comptroller of the Royal Mint, 50 00:03:51,260 --> 00:03:52,440 Astronomer Royal, 51 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:57,300 and Invent or of the Deep Sea Diving Bell 哈雷的职业生 52 00:03:57,300 --> 00:04:01,180 涯非常的漫长,而且成果颇多, 53 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:05,800 Productive 指的是有很多成果他做过 Se a Captain, 54 00:04:06,060 --> 00:04:07,300 做过船长, 55 00:04:07,500 --> 00:04:13,100 做过地图的绘制员做过牛津大学的几何学教授, 56 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:13,860 Geometry, 57 00:04:14,100 --> 00:04:19,540 几何 Deputy Controller of the Royal Mint Mint 这个词 58 00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:25,520 可能大家在口香糖上见过那个 Mint 是薄荷就是薄荷味 59 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:32,140 的口香糖而这里这个 Mint 是指制币厂或者叫铸币厂铸 60 00:04:32,140 --> 00:04:37,820 造硬币的 Royal Mint 皇家制币厂他当时在那里做 61 00:04:37,820 --> 00:04:39,000 Deputy Controller 62 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:44,760 副厂长 Deputy 就是副的副职也当过 astronomer royal 63 00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:51,840 皇家题文学家而且他还发明了深海潜水钟这个深海潜 64 00:04:51,840 --> 00:04:56,620 水钟长得就是这个样子把它整个放到海底下去通过这 65 00:04:56,620 --> 00:04:59,200 个管道落在水面上呼吸 66 00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:02,720 这个是比较现代版的深海潜水钟 67 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:18,000 他一生著述颇丰写了不少东西 authoritative 指的是 68 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:25,500 权威的也就是他在磁力潮汐还有天体运行方面都有不 69 00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:30,820 少权威的著作 and fondly on the effects of opium on the 70 00:05:30,820 --> 00:05:35,520 effects of opium 跟前面 on magnetism ties 这边是并列 71 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:39,800 的也就是 he wrote fondly on the effects of opium 那 72 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:45,660 fondly 意思是充满喜爱之情的也就是他写文章大家赞 73 00:05:45,660 --> 00:05:49,360 赏鸦片的疗效功效 he 74 00:05:49,620 --> 00:05:53,840 invented the weather mapan actuarial tableproposed 75 00:05:53,840 --> 00:05:56,000 methods for working out the age of the earth 76 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:08,320 这就是一个 weather map 或者叫 weather chart 天气图这 77 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:15,770 个线条呢表示气压线这是等压线 Aquarial table 是精 78 00:06:15,770 --> 00:06:21,670 算表或者叫生命表哈雷在研究人的死亡率的基础上发 79 00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:26,590 明了这个生命表使得保险的年金价值的计算更为精确 80 00:06:26,590 --> 00:06:32,030 这个生命表对于保险业的意义在于它准确地计算出死 81 00:06:32,030 --> 00:06:37,510 亡率然后就可以因此制定我们该收多少的保费如果发 82 00:06:37,510 --> 00:06:40,530 生意外的话该赔付多少的金额 83 00:06:41,010 --> 00:06:46,330 他还提出了计算年龄的方法和天空的距离 84 00:06:48,850 --> 00:06:56,410 他还提出了计算地球年龄以及计算日地距离的方法 85 00:07:01,430 --> 00:07:07,610 他甚至发明了一种把鱼保存到过季而依然新鲜的方法 86 00:07:07,610 --> 00:07:12,510 大家可能没有想到鱼也有 out of season 跟 in season 的 87 00:07:12,510 --> 00:07:14,470 说法就是有当季的, 88 00:07:14,550 --> 00:07:20,070 过季的其实有一些鱼只有在某一些季节才可以捕捞到 89 00:07:20,070 --> 00:07:24,790 那如果你想过了这个季节还想吃这个鱼的话恐怕就要 90 00:07:24,790 --> 00:07:26,910 用上他这个方法了 The 91 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:33,260 one thing he didn't do interestingly enough was 92 00:07:33,260 --> 00:07:36,160 discover the comet that bears his name 93 00:07:36,810 --> 00:07:43,590 不过有趣的是有件事情他倒是没有做过那就是发现那 94 00:07:43,590 --> 00:07:47,210 颗用它的名字命名的彗星他 95 00:07:48,330 --> 00:07:48,530 认 96 00:07:48,530 --> 00:07:51,530 识 97 00:08:02,030 --> 00:08:08,670 到自己 1682 年观测到的那个彗星就是前人在 1456 年 98 00:08:08,670 --> 00:08:15,330 1531 年和 1607 年记录过的那一颗他发现这是同一颗彗 99 00:08:15, ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）