第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第2讲S4

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Zwicky 的办公室和奥本海默在同一层，但奥本海默的论文里居然完全没提到 Zwicky，这俩人居然完全没交集吗？还是说 Zwicky 当时真的被大家‘鄙视’到没人愿意理他？
2. ‘prescient’这个词好高级，讲稿里拆解说是 pre (提前) + scient (知道)，那除了说文件有远见，平时形容一个人特别有先见之明，除了用 prescient 还能咋说？
3. 讲稿里对比了 Zwicky 和 Bart，说 Zwicky 负责‘大想法’，Bart 负责‘数学清扫’。那‘substantiate’（证实）这个词，在科学论证里，是不是指把那些飘在天上的‘大想法’变成有数学依据的‘实质’？
4. 为什么 Zwicky 既提出了中子星又猜到了暗物质，却没能提出黑洞？是因为他数学推导能力不够，还是因为当时大家根本不信他的‘奇思妙想’，导致他连正确的推论都没发出来？
5. 讲稿最后调侃 Zwicky 在那四十年里‘做了很多俯卧撑’，这除了表示他没被重视，是不是也在暗示虽然没出成果，但他其实一直在默默努力？这种‘怀才不遇’在科学史上常见吗？

1. The transcript mentions Zwicky and Oppenheimer worked on the same floor, yet Oppenheimer's paper didn't cite him at all. Did they really have zero interaction, or was Zwicky just so 'looked down upon' that no one bothered to engage with his work?
2. The transcript breaks down 'prescient' into pre (before) + scient (know). Besides describing a document as visionary, what are other natural ways to describe someone who has great foresight?
3. The text contrasts Zwicky's 'big ideas' with Bart's 'mathematical cleaning.' Does 'substantiate' mean turning those floating 'big ideas' into solid, mathematically backed evidence in scientific argumentation?
4. Why did Zwicky propose neutron stars and dark matter but fail to predict black holes? Was it due to a lack of mathematical derivation skills, or because his colleagues didn't take his 'wild ideas' seriously, preventing him from publishing correct deductions?
5. The transcript jokes that Zwicky 'did a lot of push-ups' during those four decades of obscurity. Does this imply he was working hard in silence despite the lack of recognition? Is this kind of 'unrecognized genius' common in the history of science?

1 00:00:06,900 --> 00:00:10,500 These ideas were revolutionary to say the least 2 00:00:10,960 --> 00:00:15,280 to say the least 就是我们至少可以说这些观念是具有 3 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:18,860 革命性的也就是我们这么说的话是毫不夸张 4 00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:24,080 Neutron stars wouldn't be confirmed for 34 years 5 00:00:25,130 --> 00:00:29,150 wouldn't be confirmed for 34 years 其实在翻译的时候 6 00:00:29,150 --> 00:00:30,650 应该把它倒过来 7 00:00:31,190 --> 00:00:39,410 就是中子星过了 34 年才被人证实这就说明他们的观念 8 00:00:39,410 --> 00:00:45,350 是多么的超前而宇宙射线 The cosmic rays notion 宇宙 9 00:00:45,350 --> 00:00:48,550 射线的观念 Though considered plausible 10 00:00:49,260 --> 00:00:54,900 Plausible means likely to be true 也就是看起来言之有 11 00:00:54,900 --> 00:00:59,820 理可是它到现在都还没有被人证实 H asn't been 12 00:00:59,820 --> 00:01:04,930 verified yet Verified 就是 Proved, 13 00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:07,450 跟前面的 confirmed 意思相近。 14 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:11,820 All together,the abstract was, 15 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:16,380 in the words of Caltech astrophysicist Kip S.Thorne, 16 00:01:16,540 --> 00:01:20,820 one of the most prescient documents in the history of 17 00:01:20,820 --> 00:01:22,980 physics and astronomy.整 18 00:01:23,910 --> 00:01:28,390 体看来,这篇摘要,用加 19 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:34,950 州理工学院的天体物理学家 Cate S.Thorne 的话来说, 20 00:01:35,130 --> 00:01:41,550 它是物理学和天文学历史上最有先见之名, 21 00:01:41,630 --> 00:01:44,110 最有远见的一份文件。 22 00:01:44,110 --> 00:01:49,210 pre scient 我们先来看这个 science 这个词我们都知道 23 00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:55,690 是科学但是可能很少人知道它的词源来自拉丁文它的 24 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:58,740 意思是知识还有 25 00:01:59,030 --> 00:02:06,330 这个是 to know 去了解所以 pre scient 你从字面上可以 26 00:02:06,330 --> 00:02:08,250 看出来大概是先知 27 00:02:08,980 --> 00:02:12,140 所以这是一个先知先觉的文件 28 00:02:21,930 --> 00:02:29,010 有趣的是 Zwicky 完全不明白这些事情到底为什么会发 29 00:02:29,010 --> 00:02:29,270 生 30 00:02:41,070 --> 00:02:41,610 他 31 00:02:42,470 --> 00:02:49,070 认为 Zwicky 并不十分了解物理学的定义所以他无法证 32 00:02:49,070 --> 00:02:53,990 实自己的观点 substantiate 我们在第一课的时候学过 33 00:02:53,990 --> 00:02:59,390 insubstantial 当时告诉过大家 substance 意思是物 34 00:02:59,390 --> 00:03:04,770 质、实质那么 substantiate 也就是使他实质化、 35 00:03:04,870 --> 00:03:05,610 具体化 36 00:03:06,090 --> 00:03:12,140 其实就是指证实自己的 ide as Zwicky's talent was for 37 00:03:12,140 --> 00:03:19,340 big ideas 他的才能在于那些奇思妙想那些伟大的想法 38 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:27,180 其他人呢 39 00:03:28,020 --> 00:03:32,300 其实基本上说的就是他的合作者 Bart 他 40 00:03:32,850 --> 00:03:36,710 就只能够用数学去给他做一些清扫的工作 41 00:03:53,090 --> 00:03:56,850 Zwicky 率先认识到仅 42 00:03:56,910 --> 00:04:02,630 靠宇宙间的可见的物质根本就不足以产生足够的引力 43 00:04:02,630 --> 00:04:06,190 来把星系聚拢在一块他 44 00:04:06,220 --> 00:04:10,600 推断一定有其他的引力影响这个 45 00:04:10,860 --> 00:04:14,540 东西我们现在就叫做暗物质之 46 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:21,000 所以是暗的那是因为它不会发出光线也不会发出电磁 47 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:28,040 波也就是说无论用光学望远镜还是射电望远镜都无法 48 00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:34,840 探知它的存在所以暗物质目前我们是没有观测到它但 49 00:04:34,840 --> 00:04:41,280 是科学家们非常确定它在那因为我们可以看到它对周 50 00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:45,160 围星体的影响这种引力的影响 51 00:04:59,710 --> 00:05:00,310 但 52 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:07,980 遗憾的是他没有认识到如果中子星不断地塌缩到了一 53 00:05:07,980 --> 00:05:14,920 定程度它的密度将会非常大质量将会非常巨大大到连 54 00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:21,980 光线都不能逃脱它巨大的引力这样就会产生黑洞也就 55 00:05:21,980 --> 00:05:27,960 是他提出了中子星的存在提出了暗物质的存在但是他 56 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:34,820 没有想到黑洞不过已经够厉害了 Unf ortunately, 57 00:05:35,260 --> 00:05:38,880 Zwicky was held in such disdain by most of his 58 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:43,100 colleagues that his ideas attracted almost no notice 59 00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:49,280 遗憾的是 Zwicky was not respected or valued by his 60 00:05:49,280 --> 00:05:53,640 colleagues was held in such disdain be 61 00:05:53,730 --> 00:05:59,040 held in disdain means he was looked down upon 没有 62 00:05:59,650 --> 00:06:07,260 得到重视所以呢他提出的这些想法几乎无人问津 When 63 00:06:07,960 --> 00:06:13,400 five years later the great Robert Oppenheimerturned 64 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:17,880 his attention to neutron stars in a landmark paper he 65 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:22,000 made not a single reference to any of Zwicky's work even 66 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:25,280 though Zwicky had been working for years on the same 67 00:06:25,280 --> 00:06:28,620 problem 五 68 00:06:29,230 --> 00:06:32,850 年以后伟大的奥本海默他 69 00:06:32,980 --> 00:06:36,400 把自己的注意力转向中子星的研究 70 00:06:37,090 --> 00:06:42,690 那时候他发表了一份 L andmark Paper L andmark 是地标 71 00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:48,510 里程碑的意思发表了一篇具有划时代意义的论文但是 72 00:06:48,510 --> 00:06:54,730 在这篇论文里面他连题都没有提到 Zwicky 的工作没有 73 00:06:54,730 --> 00:06:59,170 提到他的任何研究 reference 就是参 74 00:06:59,270 --> 00:07:01,350 考他没有参考他的任何资料 75 00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:05,040 even though Zwicky had been working for years on the 76 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:05,640 same problem 77 00:07:06,380 --> 00:07:11,940 尽管 Zwicky 也好几年来一直都在研究同一个问题而且 78 00:07:11,940 --> 00:07:16,540 他的办公室还是跟奥本海默的办公室在同一层 79 00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:23,540 Zwicky's deductions concerning dark matter wouldn't 80 00:07:23,540 --> 00:07:26,920 attract serious attention for nearly four decades 81 00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:30,760 Deductions 就是推论推测 82 00:07:31,420 --> 00:07:38,660 Ricky 关于暗物质的推测在 40 年内都无人问津也就是 83 00:07:38,660 --> 00:07:44,880 过了 40 年才有人真正开始注意这个问题 We can only 84 00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:49,320 assume that he did a lot of push ups in this period 作 85 00:07:49,350 --> 00:07:54,850 者这里还调侃了他一下他说我们可以估计在这段时间 86 00:07:54,850 --> 00:07:57,470 里他已经做了许多俯卧撑吧