第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第3讲

1. 老师，讲稿里说冥王星让太阳系变得“anomalous”（反常），这到底是指它个头太小，还是指它跟其他行星类型不一样？
2. 文中提到冥王星如果放在美国地图上，只能盖住“lower 48 states”的一半。这个“lower 48”具体是指哪几个州？为什么要把阿拉斯加和夏威夷排除在外？
3. 文中解释“trans Neptunian objects”时用了“trans”这个词根，还举了“transatlantic flight”的例子。能不能再举几个生活中常见的带“trans”的词，帮我彻底搞懂这个前缀的意思？
4. 为什么冥王星看起来那么暗？讲稿里说它的反照率（albedo）只有4%，还拿“lump of charcoal”（木炭块）做比喻，这跟它离地球远不远有关系吗？
5. 既然现在发现了那么多跟冥王星差不多大甚至更大的天体，如果它们都算行星，太阳系岂不是有几十上百颗行星？那为什么现在教科书上还是只教八大行星呢？

1. Teacher, the script says Pluto makes the solar system 'anomalous'. Does this mean it's because it's too small, or because it's different in type from the other planets?
2. The text mentions that if you put Pluto on a map of the US, it would cover only half of the 'lower 48 states'. What exactly does 'lower 48' refer to, and why are Alaska and Hawaii excluded?
3. When explaining 'trans Neptunian objects', the script uses the root 'trans' and gives 'transatlantic flight' as an example. Could you give me a few more common examples of words with 'trans' to help me fully understand this prefix?
4. Why does Pluto look so dark? The script says its albedo is only 4% and compares it to a 'lump of charcoal'. Is this related to how far it is from Earth?
5. Since we've found so many objects similar to or even larger than Pluto, if they all count as planets, wouldn't the solar system have dozens or even hundreds of them? So why do textbooks still only teach the eight major planets?

1 00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:13,300 你好,很高兴再次见到你。 2 00:00:14,020 --> 00:00:16,600 再一次,我们来看看上一集的评论。 3 00:00:17,950 --> 00:00:21,830 罗欧认为那是一个超过纳普顿的星球。 4 00:00:22,010 --> 00:00:25,050 然而,罗欧自己并没有找到这个星球, 5 00:00:25,930 --> 00:00:28,970 因为他死去后,经过了多年的疲惫的寻找。 6 00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:31,530 托姆瓦尔继续了他的工作, 7 00:00:31,670 --> 00:00:34,050 并成功发现了这个新的星球。 8 00:00:34,470 --> 00:00:39,650 但他看到了,这并不是罗欧所批评的巨大的氧气球。 9 00:00:39,630 --> 00:00:45,330 而是一颗远远的雪色,但没有任何人注意到, 10 00:00:45,750 --> 00:00:49,990 因为公众非常兴奋于这个新发现。 11 00:00:50,410 --> 00:00:54,630 然而,很多宇宙人现在认为它并不是一颗星球, 12 00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:56,710 因为它在动作中是滑稽、 13 00:00:56,910 --> 00:00:59,210 漆黑,并可变化的。 14 00:00:59,210 --> 00:01:01,270 在它们的动作中现在 15 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:08,480 我提到的问题在最后的设计中是是否可能去遇到普鲁 16 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:13,660 特如果您继续读了几篇文章您已经有答案了 17 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:16,140 现在我们来看看文章 18 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:17,320 所以 19 00:01:18,830 --> 00:01:23,710 如果普鲁特真的是一个星球它肯定是一个很小的星球 20 00:01:23,690 --> 00:01:32,350 它非常小只有 1.25 的大小大小意味着大 Large 21 00:01:32,890 --> 00:01:34,790 One quarter of one percent 22 00:01:35,750 --> 00:01:42,290 百分之一的四分之一也就是万分之二十五它只是地球 23 00:01:42,290 --> 00:01:45,210 的万分之二十五那么大 If 24 00:01:45,370 --> 00:01:48,610 you set it down on top of the United States it would cover 25 00:01:48,610 --> 00:01:51,270 not quitehalf the lower forty eight states 26 00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:57,300 Americ a or the US has fifty eight states in total 27 00:01:57,300 --> 00:02:02,140 including Alaska here and and Hawaii around here in the 28 00:02:02,140 --> 00:02:07,180 middle of the Pacific Ocean so the lower 48 states are 29 00:02:07,180 --> 00:02:07,540 here 30 00:02:08,590 --> 00:02:14,890 如果把冥王星放在美国的版图上它只能盖住一半只能 31 00:02:14,890 --> 00:02:20,510 盖在这底下的这 48 个州的一半我们用中国的版图来做 32 00:02:20,510 --> 00:02:25,090 一个类比也是一样也就只能盖住中国版图的一半 33 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:31,280 This alone makes it extremely anomalous It means that 34 00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:35,220 our planetary systemconsists of four rocky inner 35 00:02:35,220 --> 00:02:40,780 planetsfour gassy outer giants and a tiny solitary ice 36 00:02:40,780 --> 00:02:46,870 ball Anomalous Anomalous means irregular or unusual 37 00:02:46,870 --> 00:02:48,050 有 38 00:02:48,180 --> 00:02:50,380 点反常不同寻常的 39 00:02:50,510 --> 00:02:57,010 This alone 光这一点也就是说它这么小光这一点就 40 00:02:57,070 --> 00:03:01,170 足以让它成为一颗格格不入的行星了 It 41 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:04,000 means that 它意味着 Our 42 00:03:04,130 --> 00:03:10,630 planetary system 我们的整个行星体系包括四个岩石 43 00:03:10,630 --> 00:03:16,310 星球 Inner planet 指的是内星球 F our gassy outer 44 00:03:16,310 --> 00:03:23,630 giants 还有四个比较外层的外行星都是气态的 And 45 00:03:23,980 --> 00:03:27,780 a tiny solitary ice ball 然后在很远的地方这地方还有 46 00:03:27,780 --> 00:03:31,000 一个很小的孤独的冰球 47 00:03:33,320 --> 00:03:36,620 Now have a look at this illustration The solar system 48 00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:41,320 had been quite a regular system These four planets 49 00:03:41,320 --> 00:03:48,700 Mercury 水星 Ven us 金星 Earth 地球 Mars 火星 50 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:50,520 They are all made of rock 51 00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:56,400 These are inner planets 这些就是内星星全部是岩石星 52 00:03:56,400 --> 00:04:01,300 球 Then Jupiter,木星,S aturn, 53 00:04:01,460 --> 00:04:05,380 土星,Uran us,天王星,Neptune, 54 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:07,740 海王星 These are outer planets, 55 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:12,320 这些叫外行星 They are all made of gas, 56 00:04:12,500 --> 00:04:14,700 都是气态星球这 57 00:04:14,730 --> 00:04:20,500 张图并不是按比例画的这四颗行星是比较靠里边而另 58 00:04:20,500 --> 00:04:23,250 外这四颗距离要很远这里, 59 00:04:23,370 --> 00:04:25,610 这个并不是靠得这么近的 60 00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:28,820 这样看的话它是非常规则的 61 00:04:29,220 --> 00:04:34,360 这外面都是比较块头比较大然后又都是气态这里边的 62 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:38,040 块头小一点都是岩石的然后 63 00:04:38,360 --> 00:04:43,920 非常不同寻常的那就是最外边 Far far away from these 64 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:49,080 planets 还远得多刚才说过了不是按比例的 Far away 65 00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:51,560 from these planets is a tiny ice bowl 66 00:04:52,180 --> 00:04:55,380 So this is what the author meant by anomalous 67 00:04:58,280 --> 00:04:59,180 More over, 68 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:02,900 there is every reason to suppose that we may soon begin 69 00:05:02,900 --> 00:05:06,560 to find other even larger ice spheres in the same 70 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:10,560 portion of space The same portion means the same part of 71 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:10,900 space 72 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:17,470 而且我们完全有理由可以假设在冥王星的附近随时都 73 00:05:17,470 --> 00:05:22,860 有可能发现一个比冥王星更大的冰球如果这项假设成 74 00:05:22,860 --> 00:05:27,540 立的话 Then we will have problems 那么问题就来了 75 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:30,280 冥王星的地位就很成问题了 76 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:06,560 划线的部分是主干结构就是天文学家开始观察然后又 77 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:10,960 发现了什么我们先看一下他们观察什么 that section 78 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:15,620 of the cosmossection 跟前面的 portion 意思是相近的 79 00:06:15,620 --> 00:06:17,700 就是 that part of the cosmos 80 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:22,780 more attentively 大家知道 attention 注意那么 81 00:06:22,780 --> 00:06:28,200 attentively 就是很密切关注的注意力很集中的就是 82 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:33,580 他们更认真地去观察宇宙的那个地方那一块地区 and 83 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:41,240 as of as of means fromsince 从什么时候开始这是比较正 84 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,480 式的说法相当于就是 since early December 2002 85 00:06:47,190 --> 00:06:53,630 从 2002 年 December12 月起 had found over 600 86 00:06:53,630 --> 00:06:56,590 additionaltrans Neptunian objects 87 00:06:57,190 --> 00:06:59,390 从那时起他们就发现了 88 00:06:59,650 --> 00:07:06,290 600 多颗的 trans Neptunian objectstrans 意思是跨越 89 00:07:06,290 --> 00:07:11,930 Neptunian 大家看得出来它的名词是 Neptune 跨越海王 90 00:07:11,930 --> 00:07:16,250 星也就是指海王星以外的物体看 91 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:22,520 得更远了在海王星的轨道之外看到了 600 多颗星体 or 92 00:07:23,190 --> 00:07:27,010 Plutinos as they are alternatively called 93 00:07:28,180 --> 00:07:32,720 也可以叫做小冥王吧 alternatively 的意思是 94 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:36,800 换一种说法另外一个选择那 95 00:07:36,860 --> 00:07:40,960 我们再看一下这个 trans Neptunian 里边的 trans 刚才 96 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:45,040 说了它是跨越的意思我们看更多的例子比如 97 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:47,400 transatlantic fligh ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）