第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第1讲S3

1. 讲稿里说冥王星被降级是因为发现它的卫星后，它的地位受到了打击。为啥发现卫星反而会让冥王星看起来变小，甚至不如水星大呢？
2. 文中提到天文学家花了好久才发现冥王星的卫星，原因之一是望远镜的设计问题。为啥大多数望远镜不能像扫视星空那样直接扫到冥王星？
3. 老师讲黑洞的时候说，虽然叫黑洞，但天文学家还是能探测到它。既然光都逃不出来，他们具体是通过啥办法找到黑洞的位置的？
4. 讲稿里把冥王星比作沙子，把木星比作巨无霸。除了大小对比，冥王星被除名成为矮行星，最根本的原因是不是因为它在太阳系里的“地位”本来就不稳固？
5. 既然冥王星已经不再是行星了，那它现在被归类为“矮行星”后，在太阳系里还算重要吗？它和其他八大行星有啥本质区别？

1. The transcript says Pluto's status was 'blown' after its moon was discovered. Why did finding a moon make Pluto seem smaller than Mercury?
2. It took a long time to find Pluto's moon partly because of telescope design. Why can't most telescopes just scan the whole sky like they do for quasars or black holes?
3. You mentioned that light can't escape a black hole, yet astronomers can still detect them. How exactly do they find the location of a black hole if it's completely invisible?
4. The transcript compares Pluto to a grain of sand and Jupiter to a giant. Besides the size difference, is the core reason for Pluto's demotion that its status as a planet was never very robust in the first place?
5. Since Pluto is no longer a planet, does it still matter in the solar system? What is the essential difference between a 'dwarf planet' and the eight major planets?

1 00:00:06,640 --> 00:00:10,420 This was actually something of a blow to Plot us status 2 00:00:10,420 --> 00:00:11,300 as a planet, 3 00:00:11,540 --> 00:00:14,500 which had never been terribly robust anyway. 4 00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:20,840 blow 是一个打击,blow 本来就是指一拳, 5 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:22,800 比如说 to give someone a blow, 6 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:24,000 给他一拳。 7 00:00:25,240 --> 00:00:29,340 stat us 是地位,as a planet, 8 00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,760 也就是对于冥王星的行星地位, 9 00:00:33,900 --> 00:00:35,520 这可是一个打击。 10 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:39,880 而冥王星的行星地位呢 had never been terribly robust 11 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:40,420 anyway 12 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:45,680 但向来这个地位就不稳固 robust means built strongly 13 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:48,860 or strongly builtterribly means extremely 14 00:00:50,020 --> 00:00:54,600 这个 which 指的就是前面的 Pluto status as a planet 15 00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:58,680 冥王星本来作为行星的地位本来就不稳固好了 16 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:03,140 现在又发现了一颗卫星而这个卫星竟然这么大这个发 17 00:01:03,140 --> 00:01:07,240 现对于它的地位本来就遥遥岌岌可危的这个地位 18 00:01:07,920 --> 00:01:09,380 是一个很大的打击 19 00:01:09,940 --> 00:01:13,920 Since previously the space occupied by the moon and the 20 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:17,480 space occupied by Plutowere thought to be one and the 21 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:17,740 same 22 00:01:18,540 --> 00:01:22,160 为什么这么说呢为什么说对它的地位行星地位是个打 23 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:25,740 击呢因为之前人们观测到的 24 00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:31,540 那个所谓的冥王星实际上是包括了这个卫星的也就是 25 00:01:31,540 --> 00:01:37,120 卫星和冥王星一起一起占据的这个空间人们认为这是 26 00:01:37,120 --> 00:01:40,110 一个东西 previously 就是过去 27 00:01:42,470 --> 00:01:47,390 人家觉得这是一个整体那现在发现不对 28 00:01:48,990 --> 00:01:50,950 那这意味着什么呢 29 00:01:55,390 --> 00:01:55,910 意 30 00:01:56,390 --> 00:02:02,070 味着真正的冥王星要比实际的要比以前所实际的冥王 31 00:02:02,070 --> 00:02:07,430 星要比以前所认为的要小得多因为以前把它的卫星都 32 00:02:07,430 --> 00:02:08,210 包括进去了 33 00:02:08,900 --> 00:02:13,840 那小到什么程度呢 Smaller even than Mercury 它甚至比 34 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:19,980 水星还要小水星原来认为是太阳系中最小的一颗行星 35 00:02:22,620 --> 00:02:27,760 这个行星的英语名称都是按照古 36 00:02:27,950 --> 00:02:34,390 罗马的神来命名的 Mercury 是信士是众神的信士也是 37 00:02:34,390 --> 00:02:39,030 商贸之神还有 mercury 这个词如果我们把它小写它还 38 00:02:39,030 --> 00:02:40,630 有一个意思就是水银 39 00:02:41,130 --> 00:02:47,430 大写的时候它就是指水星或者指的是古罗马神话里面 40 00:02:47,430 --> 00:02:50,930 的众神的使者以及商贸之神 41 00:02:57,520 --> 00:02:58,000 在 42 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:03,260 太阳系中所有的卫星就无论是哪一颗行星的卫星包括 43 00:03:03,260 --> 00:03:07,820 我们自己的卫星就是月亮都比它大都比这个冥王星大 44 00:03:09,690 --> 00:03:14,150 从这张图就可以很容易看出来冥王星有多小了这颗是 45 00:03:14,150 --> 00:03:20,430 巨无霸朱比特也就是木星这个朱比特是古罗马神话里 46 00:03:20,430 --> 00:03:25,960 面的主神相当于是希腊神话里面的宙斯它是主宰其他 47 00:03:25,960 --> 00:03:27,810 的一切神的主神朱比特 48 00:03:28,270 --> 00:03:32,950 这个是 S aturn 农业神 S aturn 是土星 49 00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:40,290 那这个是地球 Uran us 是天王星 The god of the sky 然后 50 00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:47,470 Neptune 海王星这是地球了 Ven us 就是金星也就是爱神 51 00:03:47,470 --> 00:03:53,890 维纳斯 Mars 是火星是战神它的名字是战神 52 00:03:54,560 --> 00:04:01,520 Mercury 就刚才说过的水星是众神的使者也是商贸之 53 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:03,900 神那最小的就是这个 Pluto 54 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:09,680 就是一个沙子一样的相对于木星其他的这些大哥来说 55 00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:15,050 它就这么小能算是行星吗 56 00:04:15,550 --> 00:04:17,810 所以到了 2006 年 57 00:04:18,290 --> 00:04:23,790 冥王星正式就被除名了从此不再是太阳系的第九大行 58 00:04:23,790 --> 00:04:28,370 星所以我小时候我们书本上背的还是太阳系有九大行 59 00:04:28,370 --> 00:04:33,590 星但现在太阳系只有八大行星了冥王星已经被降级变 60 00:04:33,590 --> 00:04:35,850 成矮行星 Now 61 00:04:37,510 --> 00:04:42,450 a natural question is Why it took so long for anyone to 62 00:04:42,450 --> 00:04:46,910 find the moon in our own solar system 这可是在我们自己 63 00:04:46,910 --> 00:04:51,690 的太阳系以内不是非常非常遥远的太阳系以外的空间 64 00:04:51,690 --> 00:04:57,270 怎么还要花这么长时间才发现冥王星的那个卫星呢 65 00:04:57,270 --> 00:04:58,190 The 66 00:04:58,290 --> 00:05:01,170 answer is that It is partly a matter of where 67 00:05:01,170 --> 00:05:03,230 astronomers point their instruments 68 00:05:05,030 --> 00:05:08,790 答案是,恐怕有一部分原因是, 69 00:05:08,950 --> 00:05:13,900 听闻学家他的那个仪器到底是朝着哪个方向, 70 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:18,220 point 表示朝向,把它指向哪个方向, 71 00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:21,940 and partly a matter of what their instruments are 72 00:05:21,940 --> 00:05:24,460 designed to detect,可能 73 00:05:25,100 --> 00:05:28,640 还有一部分的原因就是他们的这些仪器, 74 00:05:28,700 --> 00:05:31,960 他们设计出来是为了观测什么, 75 00:05:32,590 --> 00:05:35,330 detect 就是侦查,侦探, 76 00:05:35,630 --> 00:05:36,670 探测的意思 77 00:05:37,490 --> 00:05:42,410 所以第一个原因有可能是很少有天文学家把他们的望 78 00:05:42,410 --> 00:05:47,830 远镜朝着这个方向第二个原因就是每一台仪器的设计 79 00:05:47,830 --> 00:05:53,710 特性是不一样的它的观测目的不同不见得就能够就算 80 00:05:53,710 --> 00:05:58,290 是扫描过这个地方也不见得就能发现这个卫星而第三 81 00:05:58,290 --> 00:06:03,170 个原因 partly it's just Pluto 第三个原因可能就是冥 82 00:06:03,170 --> 00:06:05,350 王星本身的问题了 83 00:06:06,090 --> 00:06:10,130 mostly is where they point their instruments 当然主要 84 00:06:10,130 --> 00:06:10,590 的是 85 00:06:12,100 --> 00:06:16,040 天文学家到底把他的望远镜朝向哪里他只是没往这个 86 00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:17,700 方向看 in 87 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:21,460 the words of the astronomer Clark Chap man most people 88 00:06:21,460 --> 00:06:23,540 think that astronomers get out at night in 89 00:06:23,540 --> 00:06:29,220 observatories and scan the skiesscan 是扫描扫视许多 90 00:06:29,220 --> 00:06:34,920 人都认为天文学家晚上出来到天文台他们就开始扫描 91 00:06:34,920 --> 00:06:35,740 整个星空 92 00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:51,920 世界 93 00:06:52,910 --> 00:06:58,530 上几乎所有的望远镜都是经过特别的设计它们设计出 94 00:06:58,530 --> 00:07:03,310 来就是为了 peer at very tiny pieces of the skypeer 是窥 95 00:07:03,310 --> 00:07:08,250 视偷窥他们只是为了观察天空的一小部分 96 00:07:09,770 --> 00:07:16,070 way off in the distanceoff 之前我们学过就是表示强调 97 00:07:16,070 --> 00:07:20,170 他们只是为了观察遥远的空 98 00:07:20,330 --> 00:07:25,190 中那么一小片的那么一点 to see a quasar 他们的目的是 99 00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:30,510 为了观测 qu asar 也是之前学过的就是类星体或者 hunt 100 00:07:30,510 --> 00:07:34,390 for black holeshunt for means to search for to look for 101 00:07:34,390 --> 00:07:36,550 他们要去寻找黑洞 102 00:07:37,860 --> 00:07:43,240 黑洞并不是一个黑色的洞我们知道恒星一开始主要是 103 00:07:43,240 --> ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）