第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第1讲S2

1. 讲稿里说射电望远镜收集到的能量比一片雪花落地还小，这到底是个什么概念？雪花落地的能量具体是多少焦耳吗？
2. 为什么直到1978年才有人发现冥王星有卫星？是因为它太小太暗了，还是因为之前的技术不够好？
3. 科普文章里的 'moon' 和我们平时说的月球 'Moon' 有什么区别？怎么判断作者指的是哪一颗？
4. James Christie 发现冥卫一的时候，照片明明很模糊（blurry），他是怎么确定那肯定不是冥王星本身，而是一颗卫星的？
5. 讲稿里提到这颗卫星相对于冥王星来说非常大，这跟地球和月球的比例相比有什么特别之处？为什么这很 remarkable？

1. The transcript says the energy collected by radio telescopes is less than that of a single snowflake hitting the ground. What does that actually mean? Is there a specific joule value for a snowflake landing?
2. Why wasn't Pluto's moon discovered until 1978? Was it because it was too small and faint, or was the technology at the time not advanced enough?
3. What's the difference between 'moon' in scientific articles and 'Moon' referring to Earth's satellite? How can I tell which one the author means?
4. When James Christie found Pluto's moon, the photo was blurry. How could he be sure it was a moon and not just part of Pluto itself?
5. The transcript mentions this moon is huge relative to Pluto. How does that compare to the Earth-Moon ratio, and why is that considered so remarkable?

1 00:00:08,190 --> 00:00:12,370 They can capture wisps of radiation so preposterously 2 00:00:12,370 --> 00:00:15,810 faint that the total amount of energy collected from 3 00:00:15,810 --> 00:00:18,890 outside the solar system by all of them together since 4 00:00:18,890 --> 00:00:21,630 collecting began in 1951 5 00:00:21,990 --> 00:00:25,770 is less than the energy of a single snowflake striking 6 00:00:25,770 --> 00:00:28,290 the ground in the words of Carl Sagan 7 00:00:30,210 --> 00:00:34,570 Radio telescopes 我们前几课第二课的时候学过这个 8 00:00:35,270 --> 00:00:42,010 就是射电望远镜射电望远镜是用来接收宇宙中发出的 9 00:00:42,010 --> 00:00:46,590 宇宙中的天体发出的电磁波信号的它跟光学望远镜不 10 00:00:46,590 --> 00:00:49,290 同它不需要依靠远镜去看 11 00:00:50,930 --> 00:00:57,190 用射电望远镜 they can capture 抓住捕捉到他们可以捕 12 00:00:57,190 --> 00:01:01,190 捉到 w isps of radiationw isps 指的是 13 00:01:01,730 --> 00:01:03,550 比如说 a wisp of hair 14 00:01:04,130 --> 00:01:09,410 一缕的头发一缕的头发那么一竖一点点 15 00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,870 也许大家知道这个词就是晕倒但是在这个句子中不是 16 00:01:20,870 --> 00:01:23,250 晕倒而是微弱 17 00:01:25,850 --> 00:01:31,590 这个微弱到什么程度呢微弱到了荒唐可笑的程度作者 18 00:01:31,590 --> 00:01:36,110 之前也用到一个类似的词那就是 ridiculously 荒唐可 19 00:01:36,110 --> 00:01:40,790 笑的如果大家经常复习一定还记得小到了这个程度微 20 00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:45,090 弱到了这个程度这这么点点算什么呢所以简直是荒唐 21 00:01:45,090 --> 00:01:52,870 了那他们捕捉到的射线是辐射是如此的微弱微弱到了 22 00:01:52,870 --> 00:01:57,470 什么程度呢 so that so faint that 23 00:01:58,340 --> 00:02:00,360 后面就是具 24 00:02:00,390 --> 00:02:03,710 体来说到底小到了什么程度 the total amount of 25 00:02:03,710 --> 00:02:08,320 energycollect it from outside the solar system by all 26 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:13,400 of them togethersince collecting began in 1951 也就是 27 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:18,040 收集太阳系之外的辐 28 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:22,160 射的这么一个工作是 1951 年开始的 29 00:02:22,810 --> 00:02:28,790 那从那以后 all of them together 指的是所有的天文射 30 00:02:28,790 --> 00:02:35,070 电万元镜它们所收集到的这些辐射全部加起来 total 31 00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:40,750 amount of energy 它的那个能量全部都加起来仅仅是多 32 00:02:40,750 --> 00:02:44,990 少呢 is less than the energy of a single snowflake 33 00:02:44,990 --> 00:02:47,420 striking the groundstriking 34 00:02:47,500 --> 00:02:54,040 前面说过的是击打打击这里说的是雪花击打地面也就 35 00:02:54,040 --> 00:03:01,650 是一片雪花落到地面它的这个能量就这么一点点还 36 00:03:02,130 --> 00:03:09,210 要更小他们收集到的所有的辐射总能量合起来比一片 37 00:03:09,210 --> 00:03:13,970 雪花落到地上的那个能量还要小所以 38 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:18,100 这真的是有点小的可笑了 preposterously faint 39 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:24,080 in short there isn't a great deal that goes on in the 40 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:27,040 universe that astronomers can't find when they have a 41 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:32,180 mind to have a mind to means when they want to 只要他们想 42 00:03:32,180 --> 00:03:33,200 宇 43 00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:37,460 宙间发生的事情没有什么能逃得过他们的发言的 44 00:03:37,460 --> 00:03:38,400 which 45 00:03:38,560 --> 00:03:41,440 is why it is all the more remarkable to reflect 46 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:47,180 thatuntil 1978 no one had ever noticed that Pluto has a 47 00:03:47,180 --> 00:03:50,250 moonremarkable 它 48 00:03:50,570 --> 00:03:55,970 可以是指杰出的了不起的但是在我们这个句子中它指 49 00:03:55,970 --> 00:03:56,190 的是 50 00:03:57,080 --> 00:04:00,480 引人注目的值得关注的 to 51 00:04:00,890 --> 00:04:06,730 reflect thatuntil 1978 直到 1978 年才 52 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:13,507 有人发现 Pluto 冥王星有一颗卫星这个事情想来真的 53 00:04:13,507 --> 00:04:19,290 是让人值得关注的天文学家那么厉害怎么到了 54 00:04:19,350 --> 00:04:24,830 1978 年才有人发现冥王星有卫星呢所以我们把他这种 55 00:04:24,830 --> 00:04:29,310 情况我们说他是 remarkable 确实值得关注一下 56 00:04:31,790 --> 00:04:33,410 再说一下这个 moon 57 00:04:34,110 --> 00:04:38,970 我们通常可能觉得 moon 就是月亮月球就是我们每天晚 58 00:04:38,970 --> 00:04:43,990 上看到的那一个但实际上 moon 它指的就是卫星其他的 59 00:04:43,990 --> 00:04:48,570 行星也有他们的 moon 所以不要把它的理解狭隘了就像 60 00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:53,050 是对 star 这个词的理解一样我们只觉得 star 那就是星 61 00:04:53,050 --> 00:04:57,670 星其实准确的来说 star 指的就是恒星 62 00:04:58,190 --> 00:05:04,250 再有 planetplanet 是行星包括地球有时候我们称呼地 63 00:05:04,250 --> 00:05:06,630 球的时候直接就是叫 the planet 64 00:05:07,210 --> 00:05:12,240 什么也不说直接是 the planet 这时候就特指地球 65 00:05:12,980 --> 00:05:14,140 行星地球 66 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:19,100 那下次我们遇到这个 moon 你可以关注一下如果是在文 67 00:05:19,100 --> 00:05:23,040 学作品中出现的话这个 moon 一定就是我们晚上看到的 68 00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:27,820 那个月亮但是在科普的文章中就不一定了它经常是指 69 00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:32,640 卫星它不一定是我们地球的卫星有可能是其他的行星 70 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:34,100 的卫星 In 71 00:05:34,580 --> 00:05:38,000 the summer of that year a young astronomer named James 72 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:42,200 Christie at the U.S.Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, 73 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:46,020 Arizona was making a routine examination of 74 00:05:46,020 --> 00:05:49,940 photographic images of Pluto when he saw that there was 75 00:05:49,940 --> 00:05:53,980 something there something blurry and uncertain but 76 00:05:53,980 --> 00:05:59,930 definitely other than Pluto Naval 不知道 77 00:06:00,090 --> 00:06:08,370 大家是否知道这个词 navy 是海军那么 naval 指的就是 78 00:06:08,370 --> 00:06:16,070 跟海军有关的是形容词 observatory 是观测站它的动 79 00:06:16,070 --> 00:06:18,610 词是 observeobserve 80 00:06:18,630 --> 00:06:22,910 观测 making a routine examination of photographic 81 00:06:22,910 --> 00:06:29,190 imageroutine 是日常的例行的每天都这么做的比如说 82 00:06:29,190 --> 00:06:33,030 呢 Taking a walk after supper is my daily routine 83 00:06:33,980 --> 00:06:38,100 这是雷打不动的我每天晚上饭后都要散步所以 84 00:06:38,100 --> 00:06:41,180 routine 表示每天都要做的一些事 Ex amination 85 00:06:42,380 --> 00:06:48,100 我们要看到中间这个 examineexamine 是它的动词就是 86 00:06:48,100 --> 00:06:51,580 检视检查观察的意思 87 00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:53,280 那 88 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:59,060 整个句子就是在美国的海军天文台工作的一个年轻的 89 00:06:59,060 --> 00:07:05,260 天文学家在他对冥王星的照片做日常的检视的时候 90 00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:06,720 他看到 91 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:08,800 There was something there 92 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:10,760 他看到有个东西 93 00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:16,580 这个东西模模糊糊的 Blurry 就是模糊不清的就像比如 94 00:07:16,580 --> 00:07:22,300 说有的人得了白内障眼睛里面就像是有一片云白云把 95 00:07:22,300 --> 00:07:26,080 眼睛遮住一样的东西都变得看不清了 Everything 96 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:27,000 bec ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）