第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第4讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里反复提到 'turned out'，这个词组到底啥意思？跟 'result' 有啥区别？
2. 文中说如果重力 'fractionally' 强一点或弱一点，宇宙就不一样了。'fractionally' 具体是指多大程度的变化呀？
3. 这段语法分析里提到了好几个 'if' 引导的虚拟语气句子，它们看起来长得很像，我怎么区分哪些是并列关系，哪些是具体说明？
4. 为什么在虚拟语气中，不管是单数还是复数，be动词都要用 'were' 而不能是 'was'？这背后的逻辑是啥？
5. 如果宇宙的膨胀速度稍微快一点或慢一点，就会导致没有稳定元素。这说明了啥？是不是在暗示我们人类的存在其实挺‘巧合’的？

1. Teacher, the transcript repeatedly mentions 'turned out'. What exactly does this phrasal verb mean? How is it different from 'result'?
2. The text says if gravity were 'fractionally' stronger or weaker, the universe would be different. How much change does 'fractionally' actually refer to?
3. The grammar analysis mentions several 'if' clauses in the subjunctive mood. They look very similar; how can I tell which ones are parallel and which ones are specific explanations?
4. Why do we always use 'were' instead of 'was' for the verb 'be' in the subjunctive mood, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural? What's the logic behind that?
5. If the universe's expansion speed were slightly faster or slower, stable elements wouldn't exist. What does this imply? Does it suggest that human existence is actually quite 'coincidental'?

1 00:00:11,790 --> 00:00:14,470 Hello,everybody.It's good to see you again. 2 00:00:14,870 --> 00:00:16,840 Previously, 3 00:00:16,900 --> 00:00:19,900 we discussed possible causes for the Big Bang, 4 00:00:20,060 --> 00:00:23,200 and different scientists proposed many different 5 00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:23,660 notions. 6 00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:28,590 Are we simply part of an eternal cycle of expanding and 7 00:00:28,590 --> 00:00:29,530 collapsing universe? 8 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:34,580 Or it may be that a false vacuum or vacuum 9 00:00:34,580 --> 00:00:38,620 energyintroduced a measure of instability that 10 00:00:38,620 --> 00:00:39,940 triggered the Big Bang? 11 00:00:39,940 --> 00:00:45,820 或是比特币在每个地方都在发生? 12 00:00:46,690 --> 00:00:50,250 还有比特币之前的时间和时间有没有变化? 13 00:00:52,100 --> 00:00:55,260 这些很接近宗教的问题 14 00:00:56,350 --> 00:01:00,890 费用理论指出宇宙在比特币之后短期之后有一个严重 15 00:01:00,890 --> 00:01:04,870 的扩展在一 16 00:01:05,220 --> 00:01:07,920 分钟的时间内 Gravity, 17 00:01:08,140 --> 00:01:11,700 Electromagnetism,and weak nuclear forces, 18 00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:13,640 strong nuclear forces appeared. 19 00:01:14,500 --> 00:01:18,260 And then they are joined by elementary particles, 20 00:01:18,660 --> 00:01:20,580 which is the stuff of stuff. 21 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:24,900 And the universe itself was doubling in size very 22 00:01:24,900 --> 00:01:25,400 quickly. 23 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:27,780 Then we had a universe. 24 00:01:29,870 --> 00:01:35,130 But what is extraordinary from our point of view is how 25 00:01:35,130 --> 00:01:39,570 well it turned out for us.So this is the topic we are 26 00:01:39,570 --> 00:01:44,210 going to explore today Why did the universe turn out so 27 00:01:44,210 --> 00:01:45,690 well for us? 28 00:01:47,650 --> 00:01:52,330 Turn out means to have a particular result For example, 29 00:01:52,510 --> 00:01:54,640 it was a difficult time, 30 00:01:54,860 --> 00:01:58,620 but luckily things turned out alright Or 31 00:01:58,720 --> 00:02:03,300 to my surprise,it turned out that I was wrong It 32 00:02:03,580 --> 00:02:08,510 refers to the universe How well it turned out for us 33 00:02:08,970 --> 00:02:11,810 指的是宇宙经过一段时间的变化 34 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:17,920 出落的对我们来说是特别的适合出落的刚刚好 35 00:02:19,210 --> 00:02:24,230 这一点呢从我们的角度来看是相当的不同寻常 36 00:02:41,250 --> 00:02:45,270 then there might never have been stable elements to 37 00:02:45,270 --> 00:02:48,890 make you and me and the ground we stand on 这 38 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:52,240 一句它的结构是 if 39 00:02:53,540 --> 00:03:01,460 第二个 if 然后 then 就是如果怎样怎样如果怎样怎么样 40 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:04,170 那么就会如何 41 00:03:05,640 --> 00:03:08,160 所以是两个 if 是并列的 42 00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:13,920 可能大家还会看到这不还是有第三个 if 吗但是这个 if 43 00:03:13,920 --> 00:03:20,670 并不是跟这两个并列的这个 if 呢是具体的来说明这第 44 00:03:20,670 --> 00:03:30,640 一个 if 我们现在来仔细的看如果宇 45 00:03:31,400 --> 00:03:36,020 宙的形成稍稍有点不同好现在举了个例子 46 00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:40,640 稍稍有点不同比如说在哪有点不同呢诸 47 00:03:40,870 --> 00:03:45,550 如出现重力出现的重力稍微强了一点点 a 48 00:03:45,550 --> 00:03:49,570 fractionfractionally means a little bitfraction 49 00:03:49,570 --> 00:03:53,810 means a small part of something so fractionally means 50 00:03:53,810 --> 00:03:58,710 just a little bit stronger or weaker 如果重力稍稍强一 51 00:03:58,710 --> 00:04:01,330 点或者稍稍弱一点这是 52 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:03,860 用来解释上面的这一句的 53 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:08,840 if the expansion had proceeded just a little more 54 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:09,860 slowly or swiftly 55 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:17,180 如果膨胀的速度稍微快了一点或者慢了一点那么 56 00:04:17,660 --> 00:04:19,820 会产生什么后果呢 57 00:04:26,780 --> 00:04:34,580 那就恐怕就不可能会出现稳定的元素来创造你和我还 58 00:04:34,580 --> 00:04:39,660 有我们现在赖以利足的这片土地了这 59 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,820 一句话里边用的是虚拟语气 60 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:52,520 虚拟语气表示与事实相反的一种假设这种假设是不可 61 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:57,440 能存在的不可能变成真实的只是做一个假设我们看更 62 00:04:57,440 --> 00:04:58,200 多的例子 63 00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,500 If I were you,I would go at once 64 00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:07,080 我要是你的话,我立刻就去了 65 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:09,940 那我肯定不是你 66 00:05:10,440 --> 00:05:16,120 所以这是虚拟语气因为这是不可能变成现实的 I 67 00:05:16,790 --> 00:05:20,230 would go it once 它的结构是这样的 if 68 00:05:21,380 --> 00:05:23,840 然后加上一个主语比如这个 I 69 00:05:24,580 --> 00:05:29,120 然后再加上过去时这就是它特殊的地方 70 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:31,320 如果我是你的话 71 00:05:32,070 --> 00:05:36,850 如果这不是一个虚拟语气而是正常的说那就是 I am you 72 00:05:36,850 --> 00:05:41,210 但这是不可能的我不可能是你所以要用虚拟语气它的 73 00:05:41,210 --> 00:05:46,450 时态跟正常说话是不一样的它要变成 if I were you 74 00:05:47,010 --> 00:05:53,490 变成过去式而且如果是毕动词的话它的过去式一定是 75 00:05:53,490 --> 00:05:57,750 要用 were 不管是单数还是复数不可能用 was 76 00:05:58,740 --> 00:06:05,100 而主句的部分呢就是这里 I would go at once 就是主语后 77 00:06:05,100 --> 00:06:10,780 面跟上根据它的意思跟上 would 或者 shouldcould 或者 78 00:06:10,780 --> 00:06:17,720 might 再表示与过去事实相反的假设的时候 79 00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:19,540 是这样的情况 80 00:06:25,260 --> 00:06:30,430 要是他采纳了我的建议就不可能犯这么大的错就不可 81 00:06:30,430 --> 00:06:31,600 能犯这样的错误 82 00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:36,850 那问题是他没有采纳我的建议这是已经发生了的事情 83 00:06:36,850 --> 00:06:43,090 发生过的事情是不可能改变的所以这种假设是与事实 84 00:06:43,090 --> 00:06:47,090 相反不可能成为真实的因此要用虚拟语气 85 00:06:47,590 --> 00:06:50,130 那与过去式是相反的时候呢 86 00:06:50,850 --> 00:06:52,290 如果不是虚拟的话 87 00:06:53,210 --> 00:06:58,030 那么它就会用一般过去式可是因为它是虚拟的它就要 88 00:06:58,030 --> 00:07:00,580 用过去完成式 89 00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:03,520 if he had taken my advice 90 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:09,420 然后主句的部分就是 he 后面跟上 would 然后才是动词 91 00:07:09,420 --> 00:07:12,440 原型总结一下是这样 92 00:07:13,790 --> 00:07:14,270 if 93 00:07:14,750 --> 00:07:19,590 主语然后是过去完成时 had done something 如果这个人 94 00:07:19,590 --> 00:07:24,110 做了这样一件事的话那实际上是肯定没有做的然后主 95 00:07:24,110 --> 00:07:25,670 语 should 96 00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:30,280 或者 wouldcould might 就根据具体的情况了是将要还 97 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:35,230 是可能会怎样怎样后面呢是这样的事态 might have 98 00:07:35,230 --> 00:07:37,730 done 那我们把它应用到 99 00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:43,430 这边的句子 If the universe had formed just a tiny bit 100 00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:43, ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）