第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第3讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说 'caution' 和 'convention' 长得很像，它们到底有啥区别呀？还有 'caution' 在警示牌上到底是动词还是名词？
2. 为什么书上一直警告我们别把大爆炸想成普通的爆炸？那个 'on a whopping scale' 到底是怎么个‘宏大’法？
3. 讲稿里提到 'tradition' 和 'convention' 不一样，这两个词在用法上到底咋区分？比如‘打破常规’用哪个词更合适？
4. 科学家说大爆炸可能是由 'false vacuum' 或 'scalar field' 引起的，这几个词听起来好专业，它们跟 'vector'（矢量）有啥区别吗？
5. 既然大爆炸不是普通爆炸，那它跟那个‘永无止境的周期’（eternal cycle）理论有啥关系？为啥说我们只是循环中的一环？

1. Teacher, 'caution' and 'convention' look similar, but what's the difference? And is 'caution' a verb or a noun when it's on a warning sign?
2. Why do books warn us not to think of the Big Bang as a normal explosion? What exactly does 'on a whopping scale' mean in this context?
3. The transcript says 'tradition' and 'convention' are different. How do we tell them apart? Which one is better for 'breaking the convention'?
4. Scientists say the Big Bang might be caused by 'false vacuum' or 'scalar field'. How are these different from 'vector'? They sound so technical.
5. If the Big Bang isn't a normal explosion, what's the connection to the 'eternal cycle' theory? Why do they say we're just a link in that loop?

1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,880 欢 2 00:00:12,940 --> 00:00:14,240 迎回来前 3 00:00:15,360 --> 00:00:21,480 面我们谈论了背景反射的发现以及它如何提供证据对 4 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:24,400 大爆炸的理论现在我们的问题是 5 00:00:24,970 --> 00:00:28,780 大爆炸是什么原因以及它之后发生了什么事 6 00:00:30,790 --> 00:00:35,350 虽然每个人都称它为大爆炸但许多书都劝阻我们不认 7 00:00:35,350 --> 00:00:38,410 为大爆炸是正常的爆炸 8 00:00:39,430 --> 00:00:45,270 尽管每个人都把它叫做大爆炸许多书还是警告我们不 9 00:00:45,270 --> 00:00:52,100 要把它想成通常意义上的那种爆炸 caution 相当于 10 00:00:52,100 --> 00:00:58,080 warnw a r nwarn us not to do something or caution us not to 11 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:02,620 do something 警告我们不要做某事这是动词它的名词 12 00:01:02,620 --> 00:01:08,840 跟这个动词的拼写是一模一样的经常出现在解释标志 13 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:09,140 上 14 00:01:09,660 --> 00:01:15,140 上面是 Caution 红色或者黄色的写着 Caution 底下呢根 15 00:01:15,140 --> 00:01:19,740 据实际的情况内容可以改变像这里是小心地滑 16 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:25,940 虽然我翻译的 Caution 似乎变成了动词小心地滑但是 17 00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:27,700 呢它实际上是名词 18 00:01:28,770 --> 00:01:33,450 有一次我在一个老外的 T 恤背后看到这样类似的一个 19 00:01:33,450 --> 00:01:38,370 警示标志上面也是写着 Caution 可是底下呢它写着老 20 00:01:38,370 --> 00:01:45,990 外好像把老外当成是一种危险物种小心老外来了它的 21 00:01:47,430 --> 00:01:48,850 形容词是 cautious 22 00:01:49,450 --> 00:01:53,210 小心翼翼的小心谨慎的 Well, 23 00:01:53,250 --> 00:01:57,800 I hope all drivers are cautious driverscon 24 00:01:57,800 --> 00:01:59,720 ventionalconvention 25 00:02:00,260 --> 00:02:05,660 指的是一种大家通常接受的做法一种惯例那么 in a 26 00:02:05,660 --> 00:02:10,300 conventional sense 指的就是大家通常理解的那种爆 27 00:02:10,300 --> 00:02:15,860 炸这个 convention 这个词常常会被翻译成传统但是它 28 00:02:15,860 --> 00:02:20,860 跟 tradition 是不一样的 tradition 强调的是那种历史 29 00:02:20,860 --> 00:02:26,260 的传承一代一代一直传下来的一种传统做法而 con 30 00:02:26,260 --> 00:02:31,020 ventional 更多的是一种约定俗成的东西大家都这么 31 00:02:31,020 --> 00:02:36,720 做于是就成了一种惯例了比如说 by convention North 32 00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:38,540 is at the top of most maps 33 00:02:39,540 --> 00:02:43,400 还有有时候我们说要 break away from convention 要打 34 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:44,240 破常规 35 00:02:46,150 --> 00:02:51,590 好了那我们通常意义上的爆炸到底会是什么样的呢爆 36 00:02:52,070 --> 00:02:57,040 炸通常我们都理解的是一种就是一种破坏砰的一声所 37 00:02:57,040 --> 00:03:02,830 有的东西都灰飞烟灭然后那些碎片就是杂乱无章的落 38 00:03:02,830 --> 00:03:07,850 在地上 Big Bang 可不是这样的不能这样去想 It 39 00:03:07,920 --> 00:03:12,680 was rather a vast sudden expansion on a whopping 40 00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:16,120 scalerather 起 41 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:19,690 到一个转折的作用实际上呢 42 00:03:19,770 --> 00:03:27,470 或者说其实呢它是一个规模宏大的突然发生的一个扩 43 00:03:27,470 --> 00:03:27,730 张 44 00:03:28,430 --> 00:03:31,330 on a whopping scale on a scale 45 00:03:31,570 --> 00:03:36,210 这是一个词组就是以什么样的规模前面可以跟上不同 46 00:03:36,210 --> 00:03:40,830 的形容词 On a big scale 就是大规模的 On a moderate 47 00:03:40,830 --> 00:03:45,670 scale 就是中等规模 On a small scale 当然就是小规模 48 00:03:45,670 --> 00:03:52,230 scale 这个词本身可以指刻度还有比例所以大家就可 49 00:03:52,230 --> 00:03:56,710 以理解 on a scale 指的是以什么样的规模这个意思了 50 00:03:56,710 --> 00:04:04,190 whooping whooping scale 那就是 extremely big scale 特 51 00:04:04,860 --> 00:04:06,720 别大的极大的规模 52 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:14,700 那到底又是什么触发了大爆炸呢? 53 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:44,420 比较模糊的一些想法 Relic 是残留 54 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:51,220 残骸我们常常会看到 Culture Relic 这个词指的是文物 55 00:04:51,220 --> 00:04:52,200 而 56 00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:55,980 Collapse 也许大家见过它它 57 00:04:56,140 --> 00:05:02,880 可以指房屋倒塌但是在我们这里不是指倒塌宇宙是不 58 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:07,400 存在倒塌的我们在天文学上用的词是塌缩 59 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:13,080 Collapsecollapse 本身还可以指折叠比如说折叠椅 60 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:15,420 chairs that collapse for storage 61 00:05:16,380 --> 00:05:20,880 可以折叠起来的椅子可以折叠起来便于储藏的椅子 62 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:23,000 好了 63 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:29,100 这句话就是说其中科学家们提出了很多的各种的想法 64 00:05:29,100 --> 00:05:36,060 其中的一个想法就是也许起点就是先前已经存在的并 65 00:05:36,060 --> 00:05:43,020 且已经塌缩了的宇宙的一个残骸 Eternal means never 66 00:05:43,020 --> 00:05:45,880 ending,never stopping 就是永恒的, 67 00:05:45,900 --> 00:05:49,780 永无止境的 Cycle 是周期, 68 00:05:49,840 --> 00:05:54,520 循环这个词给人的感觉就是一个圈我们来看一下这一 69 00:05:54,520 --> 00:06:00,860 连串的词汇 Cyclist 就是指骑自行车的人那自行车跟 70 00:06:00,860 --> 00:06:05,440 这个圈有什么关系呢当然是它的轮子了轮子是一个圆 71 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:10,840 形的嘛 Bicycle 就是指自行车这个 bi 是一个表示二双 72 00:06:10,840 --> 00:06:16,820 的前缀就是两个轮子的 tricycle 呢就是三轮车还有 73 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:23,920 cycle 周期循环前面加上表示重复的这个前缀 recycle 74 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:28,420 那就是指再循环回收而 75 00:06:28,510 --> 00:06:35,530 cycl one 呢是气旋比如印度洋上空的热带气旋就是 76 00:06:35,530 --> 00:06:39,750 cycl one 相当于是我们太平洋上的台风一样的 77 00:06:43,170 --> 00:06:46,510 现在我们再来看这里 that 引导的从句 78 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:52,500 再往前看一点这里也是一个 that 引导的从句所以这两 79 00:06:52,500 --> 00:06:58,320 个从句实际上一样的它都是 is 后面的表语从句可以说 80 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:03,300 这两个几乎是意思也是相近它在句子中的作用也是相 81 00:07:03,300 --> 00:07:08,120 同的那作者呢这里加一个破折号他是担心我们上面这 82 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:13,040 句也许不是很理解或者觉得自己表达的还不够到位所 83 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:14,820 以再补充说明了一下 84 00:07:22,990 --> 00:07:30,530 其实我们只不过是一个永无止境的不断扩张不断塌缩 85 00:07:30,530 --> 00:07:30,790 的 86 00:07:31,490 --> 00:07:36,490 整个周期过程中的一个过程而已只是这个循环中的一 87 00:07:36,490 --> 00:07:42,010 环就像是氧气机上的气囊一样一 88 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:48,340 会膨胀一会收缩这个词气囊也可以指人或者动物体内 89 00:07:48,340 --> 00:07:53,810 的膨胀 Others attribute the Big Bang to what they call a 90 00:07:53,810 --> 00:07:58,810 false vacuum or a scalar field or vacuum energy some 91 00:07:58,810 --> 00:08:02,530 quality of thing at any rate that introduced a measure 92 00:08:02,530 --> 00:08:09,780 of instabilityinto the nothingness that was Others 那 93 00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:15,360 就是另外的一些科学家 Attribute to 94 00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:22,240 这个结构指的是把某事归因于什么他认为它的原因是 95 00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:29,160 什么也就是他们认为大爆炸是由他们所谓的伪真空或 96 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:35,040 标量场或者真空能量造成的 Attribute to 就把大爆炸 97 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:41,900 归因于 what they call so called force vacuum 伪真空 98 00:08:41,900 --> 00:08:46,810 scalar fieldscalar 99 00:08:46,830 --> 00:08:51,850 标量这个标量我们再联系一下另外一个词就是 vector 100 00:08:51,850 --> 00:08:55,530 是使量或者叫向量标 101 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:57,940 量指的是 102 00:08:58,740 --> 00:09:04,020 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）