第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第1讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说 cosmos 和 universe 都是宇宙的意思，但词源不同。那在日常英语里，这两个词除了来源不一样，用法上到底有啥区别吗？还是说它们可以随便互换？
2. 我看 unassuming 这个词，它和 assume（假设）长得挺像，但讲稿里说这里的 assume 是‘承担’的意思。那 unassuming 具体是形容人性格谦逊，还是指东西不占地方？这两个意思能同时用在一个句子里吗？
3. 讲稿里提到了 infinitesimal（极小的）和 insubstantial（非实质的/虚幻的），这两个词都在强调质子‘小’。那它们侧重点有啥不一样？一个是说尺寸小，一个是说存在感弱，对吗？
4. 为什么作者要用‘一墨滴里能装下5000亿个质子’，还要跟‘五十万年的秒数’做对比？这样写除了说明质子小，还有什么其他的目的或者效果吗？
5. 讲稿最后提到了 microscopic（微观）和 macro（宏观）是一对反义词。那在描述宇宙这种巨大的概念时，除了用 huge 或 big，有没有更高级或者更地道的词能跟 microscopic 形成鲜明对比？

1. The transcript says both 'cosmos' and 'universe' mean the universe but come from different roots. In everyday English, is there any practical difference between them, or can they be used interchangeably?
2. I see 'unassuming' looks similar to 'assume' (to suppose). The transcript mentions 'assume' here means 'to take upon oneself'. Does 'unassuming' describe a person's modest personality, or does it mean something takes up no space? Can these two meanings be used in the same sentence?
3. The transcript uses both 'infinitesimal' and 'insubstantial' to emphasize how small a proton is. What's the difference in their focus? One seems to refer to physical size, while the other implies a lack of substance or presence, right?
4. Why does the author compare the number of protons in an ink drop to the number of seconds in half a million years? Besides showing how small a proton is, does this comparison serve any other purpose or effect?
5. The transcript mentions that 'microscopic' and 'macro' are antonyms. When describing huge concepts like the universe, besides using 'huge' or 'big', are there more advanced or natural words that contrast sharply with 'microscopic'?

1 00:00:06,320 --> 00:00:08,980 1.How to build a universe? 2 00:00:09,740 --> 00:00:10,440 Universe 3 00:00:10,580 --> 00:00:15,800 跟前面的 cosmos 一样都是宇宙的意思但是 cosmos 的词 4 00:00:15,800 --> 00:00:19,960 根来自古希腊文而 universe 的词根 universes 5 00:00:20,460 --> 00:00:24,600 来自古拉丁文它的意思是 entire, 6 00:00:24,980 --> 00:00:26,960 whole So 7 00:00:27,020 --> 00:00:31,340 the universe means the entire space and everything in 8 00:00:31,340 --> 00:00:32,600 it 在 9 00:00:34,140 --> 00:00:35,840 英语当中有很多 uni 10 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:40,100 开头的词它的词根多半都是 universes 11 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:46,480 含义呢也都是指统一的或者一致的像 12 00:00:46,670 --> 00:00:52,370 unity 指的是团结 united 是联合的比如 the united 13 00:00:52,370 --> 00:00:57,690 nations 联合国 or the united states of america 美利坚 14 00:00:57,690 --> 00:01:02,470 合众国 unitedun ification 是统 15 00:01:03,940 --> 00:01:08,000 一而 uniform 是指制服 16 00:01:08,710 --> 00:01:15,590 中间的这个 uni 是统一的而 form 是形式是统一的形式 17 00:01:15,590 --> 00:01:23,510 unisex 是指比如有一些衣服是不分男女的男女通穿指 18 00:01:23,510 --> 00:01:26,970 的是那种中性的就是 unisex No 19 00:01:29,150 --> 00:01:32,750 matter how hard you try You will never be able to grasp 20 00:01:32,750 --> 00:01:34,330 Just how tiny 21 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:48,980 不管你多么努力你也没有办法去 graspgrasp 是抓住在 22 00:01:48,980 --> 00:01:52,020 这里的意思是理解你也没法理解 23 00:01:55,940 --> 00:02:02,380 也无法理解一个 proton 就是一个质子是多么小多 24 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:07,540 么的微不足道在空间方面多么的微不足道 specially 25 00:02:07,540 --> 00:02:11,660 我们要看到中间的这个词根是 space 26 00:02:12,450 --> 00:02:17,730 空间 special 就是它的形容词比如说 special ability 27 00:02:17,730 --> 00:02:22,370 一个人的空间能力还有 special distribution of the 28 00:02:22,370 --> 00:02:28,220 population 是指人口的空间分布 unassuming 29 00:02:28,940 --> 00:02:31,680 我们肯定要看到中间的这个 assume 30 00:02:32,960 --> 00:02:38,140 也许大家以前学过这个词是假设的意思但是在这个句 31 00:02:38,140 --> 00:02:44,300 子里面呢不是假设 assume means to take upon oneself 32 00:02:45,430 --> 00:02:48,250 承担或者担任 he 33 00:02:48,990 --> 00:02:52,930 assumed power in a bloody coup 他 34 00:02:53,630 --> 00:02:58,770 在一场血腥政变中执掌了权力相 35 00:02:59,220 --> 00:03:04,360 应的他的形容词叫 ing assuming 这里也不是假定假设 36 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:06,940 it means taking too much upon oneself 37 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:21,580 像我这样的一个出来乍到的人让我做这样的决定 38 00:03:22,970 --> 00:03:30,450 显得太张扬了太招摇了就是太把自己当回事了那么 39 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:37,200 unassuming 相反就是指 unpretentiousmodest 谦逊的 40 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:42,980 不张扬不招摇的如果说在空间方面非常的谦逊一点都 41 00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:46,540 不张扬那就是说它几乎不占任何的空间 42 00:03:48,180 --> 00:03:48,700 OK, 43 00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:55,260 it is just way too small 它实在是太小了 way 是起到一个 44 00:03:55,260 --> 00:04:00,640 程度副词的作用 it is way too small 比如我们也可以说 45 00:04:00,640 --> 00:04:09,760 You are way taller than me 你比我高多了 proton is an 46 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:11,720 infinitesimal part of an atom 47 00:04:39,330 --> 00:04:45,150 质子是原子的一个集团极小的部分我们 48 00:04:45,690 --> 00:04:48,150 看一下原子的结构图中 49 00:04:48,860 --> 00:04:56,320 间是 nucle us 是原子核原子核是由 proton 就是质子和 50 00:04:56,320 --> 00:05:02,960 neutron 中子构成的在它们的外围是 electron 就是电 51 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:08,620 子所以原子本身就是非常小的东西而质子又是原子内 52 00:05:08,620 --> 00:05:15,190 部一个极小的一个部分 Infinitesimal 是指极小的我 53 00:05:15,190 --> 00:05:21,460 们先看到中间的 finitefinite 意思是有限的 Finite 54 00:05:21,460 --> 00:05:27,100 water resources 有限的水资源前面加上 in 把它否定了 55 00:05:27,100 --> 00:05:31,280 变成 infinite 那就是无限的无限的可能 56 00:05:31,280 --> 00:05:37,020 Infinitesimal 那就是小到无极限小到不能再小了 57 00:05:37,950 --> 00:05:43,050 A proton is an infinitesimal part of an atomwhich is 58 00:05:43,050 --> 00:05:47,460 itself of course an insubstantial thingwhich 指的就 59 00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:54,250 是 atom 这个原子它自己当然也是一个非常小的东西 60 00:05:54,250 --> 00:06:00,550 insubstantial 我们要看到中间的 substance 意思是实 61 00:06:00,550 --> 00:06:01,810 质那么 62 00:06:01,840 --> 00:06:07,480 substantial 指的是实质性的实质的 insubstantial 那 63 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:13,400 就是几乎不是一个实质性的存在是一个几乎是不存在 64 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:17,380 的虚幻的东西不值一提的东西强 65 00:06:17,990 --> 00:06:23,810 调的也是它的小 Protons are so small that a little dip 66 00:06:23,810 --> 00:06:30,460 of ink can hold 500 billion of them 小到什么程度呢 67 00:06:31,060 --> 00:06:35,760 下面下花线的这些部分是锯子的主干成分 68 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:41,440 那么我们先把它抓出来 A little dip of ink 就是一个小 69 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:49,140 末点一个小墨滴就可以容纳 hold 是容纳可以容纳 5000 70 00:06:49,140 --> 00:06:53,120 亿的 them 指的是什么呢就是 71 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:58,800 protons 这么一个小墨点一个小小的墨滴里边就可以 72 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:05,520 容纳 5000 亿的质子就是说明质子有多小现在我们再把 73 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:07,900 一些细节加上去 a 74 00:07:07,930 --> 00:07:13,810 little dip of inklike the dot on this eye 指的是这个小 75 00:07:13,810 --> 00:07:19,890 目点到底有多小呢就像是 I 这个字母上的这个小点点 76 00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:26,470 就这么小的一个点它就能够容纳 something in the 77 00:07:26,470 --> 00:07:32,750 region of something 是约指就大概 in the regionregion 78 00:07:32,750 --> 00:07:40,910 指的是范围就是也是一个大概就是大概五千亿的 79 00:07:41,810 --> 00:07:43,410 质子 OK, 80 00:07:43,860 --> 00:07:46,400 rather more than the number of seconds contained in 81 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:49,440 half a million years 那这个数字呢, 82 00:07:49,500 --> 00:07:55,800 还是大家难以想象的一个数字所以作者又继续说明那 83 00:07:55,800 --> 00:07:59,660 这个数字呢,比 half a million years 84 00:08:00,420 --> 00:08:07,760 五十万年里边所包含的秒数还要多 OK, 85 00:08:09,530 --> 00:08:12,350 so protons are exceedingly microscopic, 86 00:08:12,670 --> 00:08:17,970 to say the very least 至少 87 00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:24,310 我们可以肯定地这么说就这么说至少是有把握的那就 88 00:08:24,310 --> 00:08:29,950 是 protons 实在是非常小 exceedingly means 89 00:08:29,950 --> 00:08:34,550 extremelyexceed 指的是超越, 90 00:08:34,590 --> 00:08:39,690 超出那么 exceedingly 就是一乎寻常的应乎寻常的小 91 00:08:39,690 --> 00:08:45,970 microscopic 也许大家以前见过 microscope 就是显微 92 00:08:45,970 --> 00:08:49,230 镜还有 telescope 这个是望远镜 93 00:08:49,710 --> 00:08:54,430 microscopic 就是微乎其微的极其微观的 94 00:08:55,020 --> 00:09:00,100 micro 本身指的就是微观的意思它的反应词是 macro 宏 95 00:09:00,100 --> 00:09:00,560 观的