第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第2讲S3

1. 讲稿里说 Gamow 是 'calculated' 出辐射会变成微波，这里为什么用 'calculate' 而不是简单的 'guess'？它在这个语境下具体是指哪种程度的预测？
2. 为什么 Penzias 和 Wilson 听到的 'noise'（噪音）其实就是宇宙背景辐射？他们当时是怎么从一堆干扰信号里确认这就是那个 'ancient light'（古老光线）的呢？
3. 文中提到 'seeing the first photons' 给 'seeing' 加了引号，既然他们是用天线探测微波而不是用眼睛看，为什么还要用 'see' 这个词？这里的 'see' 和 'visualize' 有啥区别？
4. 如果普林斯顿团队真的读过 Gamow 的论文，他们本来可以更早发现宇宙背景辐射，为什么他们当时偏偏没读过？这个 'missed connection' 对科学发现有什么影响？
5. Alan Guth 用 'analogy'（类比）来帮我们要理解这个发现，'put something in perspective' 到底是什么意思？为什么理解了这个发现需要特定的 'perspective'（视角）？

1. The transcript says Gamow 'calculated' that radiation would reach Earth as microwaves. Why use 'calculate' instead of just 'guess' here? What specific nuance does it carry in this context?
2. How did Penzias and Wilson realize that the 'noise' they heard was actually the cosmic background radiation? How did they distinguish it from other interference to confirm it was the 'ancient light'?
3. The text puts 'seeing' in quotes when mentioning 'seeing the first photons'. Since they used antennas to detect microwaves rather than their eyes, why use the word 'see'? What's the difference between this 'see' and 'visualize'?
4. If the Princeton team had read Gamow's paper, they could have discovered the cosmic background radiation much earlier. Why didn't they read it? What impact did this 'missed connection' have on scientific discovery?
5. Alan Guth uses an 'analogy' to help us understand this finding. What does the phrase 'put something in perspective' actually mean? Why is a specific 'perspective' necessary to truly grasp this discovery?

1 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:06,880 Gammell calculated that, 2 00:00:07,000 --> 00:00:10,160 by the time it crossed the vastness of the cosmos, 3 00:00:10,560 --> 00:00:14,000 the radiation would reach Earth in the form of 4 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:16,980 microwaves.In a more recent paper, 5 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,820 he had even suggested an instrument that might do the 6 00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:25,180 job,the Bell Antenna at Holmdel.Unf ortunately, 7 00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:27,640 neither Penziers,nor Wilson, 8 00:00:27,860 --> 00:00:32,400 nor any of the Princeton team had read Gammell's paper. 9 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:37,970 Calculate 计算可以 10 00:00:38,770 --> 00:00:40,970 说是估计 11 00:00:41,090 --> 00:00:43,550 预测的意思 It 12 00:00:43,580 --> 00:00:46,720 means to determine beforehand by judgment, 13 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:49,600 reasoning,or estimate 14 00:00:50,710 --> 00:00:56,010 固然它有计算的意思但是在这个句子中还是应该理解 15 00:00:56,010 --> 00:00:57,870 为是估计 G 16 00:00:59,530 --> 00:01:04,340 amal 估计呢 By the time it crosses the vastness is, 17 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:11,180 it 指的是刚才说的本地辐射这个本地辐射穿越浩瀚的 18 00:01:11,180 --> 00:01:14,640 太空浩瀚的宇宙到达地球的时候 19 00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:20,680 它会是以一种微波的形式到达的 in the form of 20 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:24,340 microwavesmicro,微,微小的, 21 00:01:24,380 --> 00:01:25,580 wave,波 22 00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:31,000 in a more recent paper he had even suggested an 23 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:35,680 instrument that might do the job 在后来写的一篇论文 24 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:40,660 中就是在比刚才说的那篇论文更迟的一个论文中 25 00:01:41,370 --> 00:01:45,170 他甚至建议他甚至提出 26 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:51,880 可能有一种仪器可以找到可以 do the job 可以起到作用 27 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,320 能够找到 the radiation 28 00:01:54,940 --> 00:01:58,440 那就是 the bell and now at home 的遗 29 00:02:00,870 --> 00:02:01,290 憾的是 30 00:02:01,990 --> 00:02:06,670 Penzi us and Wilson 这两位年轻的射电天文学家还有 31 00:02:06,670 --> 00:02:07,950 The Princeton Team 32 00:02:09,030 --> 00:02:10,830 迪基带 33 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:16,980 领的普林斯顿大学的研究团队他们双方都没有读过 G 34 00:02:16,980 --> 00:02:20,920 amow 的 paper 都没有读过他的论文如果他们读过的话 35 00:02:20,920 --> 00:02:24,280 那么这两位年轻人很快就会意识到 36 00:02:25,310 --> 00:02:30,350 自己发现的困扰自己的噪音其实就是来自 background 37 00:02:30,350 --> 00:02:30,850 radiation 38 00:02:31,730 --> 00:02:36,810 而如果 Princeton team 他们知道他们读过这个 G amow 的 39 00:02:36,810 --> 00:02:42,410 论文的话他们就会主动前往贝尔实验室去借那个天线 40 00:02:42,410 --> 00:02:43,490 这样他们就可以 41 00:02:44,290 --> 00:02:49,630 更早就可以发现宇宙的本地辐射了但是遗憾的是都没 42 00:02:49,630 --> 00:02:50,510 有所以呢 43 00:02:51,250 --> 00:02:55,450 本地辐射的发现被推迟了很长时间 The 44 00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:01,840 noise that Pan's ears and Wilson were hearing was of 45 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:06,040 course The noise that Gamow had postulated They had 46 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:10,080 found the edge of the universe Or at least the visible 47 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:14,940 part of it N inety billion trillion miles away They were 48 00:03:14,940 --> 00:03:19,240 seeing the first photons The most ancient light in the 49 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:23,300 universe Though time and distance had converted them 50 00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:27,920 to microwaves Just as Gamow had predicted In 51 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:31,660 his book The Inflationary Universe Alan Guth provides 52 00:03:31,660 --> 00:03:35,060 an analogy that helps to put this finding in 53 00:03:35,060 --> 00:03:35,560 perspective 54 00:03:36,300 --> 00:03:46,460 Pensiers 和 Wilson 他们两个听到的噪音当然正是 G 55 00:03:46,460 --> 00:03:50,560 amow 所设想的所猜想的噪音 Postulated means 56 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:52,100 proposed or suggested 57 00:03:52,820 --> 00:03:57,940 他们找到了宇宙的边缘至少是宇宙可见部分的边缘 V 58 00:03:57,940 --> 00:04:01,740 isible 是可以看见的上一次课中我们学到了 V 59 00:04:01,740 --> 00:04:06,160 isualize 是动词 means to see 现在的 visible 就是指可 60 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:07,760 以看见的是形容词 61 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:14,520 宇宙的边缘呢距离我们有 900 亿兆英里远所以 62 00:04:15,100 --> 00:04:20,860 他们两个人实际上是看到了最初的光子因为并不是真 63 00:04:20,860 --> 00:04:26,190 的拿眼睛看不是从望远镜里面看而是利用天线探测到 64 00:04:26,190 --> 00:04:27,640 了微波所以 65 00:04:27,700 --> 00:04:35,060 seeing 这边加了引号 photons 是光子光子就是组成光 66 00:04:35,060 --> 00:04:39,560 的粒子光是一种波也是一种粒子 The 67 00:04:40,550 --> 00:04:43,290 most ancient light in the universe 这 68 00:04:43,450 --> 00:04:48,890 最初的光子就是宇宙间的最古老的光尽 69 00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:56,920 管时间和距离把这最初的光把最初的光子变成了微波 70 00:04:56,920 --> 00:05:00,440 Convert 是改变比如 71 00:05:00,950 --> 00:05:07,510 a convertible sofa bed 就是指那种沙发床平时可以坐 72 00:05:07,510 --> 00:05:13,070 沙发需要的时候拉开就可以变成床就可以改造成一张 73 00:05:13,070 --> 00:05:17,010 床的 Convertible car 是敞篷车 74 00:05:17,770 --> 00:05:18,610 但是呢 75 00:05:19,230 --> 00:05:23,730 不需要敞篷的时候也可以把它封闭起来就像平常的汽 76 00:05:23,730 --> 00:05:28,550 车所以 Convert 指的是改变 Just 77 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:37,300 as Gamow had predicted 这一切正如 G amow 所预测的那样 78 00:05:37,300 --> 00:05:38,180 In 79 00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:43,220 his book The Inflationary Universe Alan Goff provides 80 00:05:43,220 --> 00:05:47,640 an analogy that helps to put this finding in 81 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:48,040 perspective 82 00:05:49,030 --> 00:05:49,590 在 83 00:05:50,070 --> 00:05:58,400 暴涨宇宙这本书中作者提供了一个 analogy 是类比类 84 00:05:58,560 --> 00:05:59,860 比就是 85 00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:05,520 说把相似的事物放在一起比较以帮助我们理解另外一 86 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:08,950 个不容易理解的事物作 87 00:06:12,210 --> 00:06:18,050 者提供的这个类比可以帮助我们更好的理解这一发现 88 00:06:18,050 --> 00:06:22,610 这一发现指的就是前面宇宙本体辐射的发现 89 00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:26,790 In perspective Put something in perspective 90 00:06:28,280 --> 00:06:32,980 这是一个词组我们先看 perspective 这个词本意是指 91 00:06:32,980 --> 00:06:41,470 看待事物的视角或者说考虑某一个事物的方法所以 92 00:06:41,660 --> 00:06:44,600 这个 get something or keep something in perspective 93 00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:48,500 means to judge the importance of something correctly 94 00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:53,780 so to put this finding in perspective it means that to 95 00:06:53,780 --> 00:06:57,140 help us understand this finding better